{"id":4618,"date":"2018-11-12T08:30:52","date_gmt":"2018-11-12T07:30:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/?p=4618"},"modified":"2024-07-27T14:50:47","modified_gmt":"2024-07-27T12:50:47","slug":"reported-speech-mowa-zalezna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/reported-speech-mowa-zalezna\/","title":{"rendered":"Reported speech: mowa zale\u017cna"},"content":{"rendered":"

Reported speech czyli mowa zale\u017cna<\/h1>\n

Reported speech<\/i>, czyli mowa zale\u017cna to zagadnienie, kt\u00f3re wymaga od uczni\u00f3w przede wszystkim bardzo dobrej znajomo\u015bci czas\u00f3w gramatycznych. Do czego potrzebna jest nam mowa zale\u017cna? U\u017cywa si\u0119 jej po to, \u017ceby przekaza\u0107 czyj\u0105\u015b wypowied\u017a, bez cytowania jej wprost. Najtrudniejsze w mowie zale\u017cnej jest tzw. nast\u0119pstwo czas\u00f3w, bowiem przekazuj\u0105c czyj\u0105\u015b wypowied\u017a musimy “cofn\u0105\u0107 si\u0119” o jeden czas gramatyczny.<\/p>\n

\n

Reported speech: konstrukcja<\/h2>\n

Do stworzenia zdania twierdz\u0105cego w mowie zale\u017cnej (reported speech)<\/i> potrzebujemy nie tylko nast\u0119pstwa czas\u00f3w. Og\u00f3lnym zamys\u0142em mowy zale\u017cnej jest relacjonowanie wypowiedzi innej osoby, a wi\u0119c zdanie w mowie zale\u017cnej musi zaczyna\u0107 si\u0119 od czasownika, kt\u00f3ry pozwoli nam t\u0119 wypowied\u017a zrelacjonowa\u0107 (reporting verb)<\/i><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n
Osoba<\/span> + reporting verb<\/span> + that<\/span> + osoba<\/span> + czasownik o czas do ty\u0142u<\/span> + reszta zdania<\/h5>\n

John<\/span> said<\/span> that<\/span> he<\/span> liked<\/span> summertime.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

John said, \u201cI like summertime.”<\/p>\n

John powiedzia\u0142: “Lubi\u0119 lato.”<\/p>\n

John said that he liked summertime.<\/p>\n

John powiedzia\u0142, \u017ce lubi lato.<\/p>\n

Zauwa\u017cmy, \u017ce w j\u0119zyku polskim przet\u0142umaczymy to zdanie w czasie tera\u017aniejszym.<\/p>\n

\"Poznaj<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"reported<\/p>\n

Reported speech: nast\u0119pstwo czas\u00f3w w mowie zale\u017cnej<\/h2>\n

W poni\u017cszej tabeli dok\u0142adniej omawiamy w jaki spos\u00f3b tworzymy mowy zale\u017cnej od wypowiedzi bezpo\u015bredniej (direct speech)<\/i> i jakie obowi\u0105zuje nast\u0119pstwo czas\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
Direct
\nspeech<\/i><\/span><\/h5>\n<\/th>\n
\n
Reported
\nspeech<\/i><\/span><\/h5>\n<\/th>\n
\n
przyk\u0142ad<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n
Present<\/span><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Present
\nSimple<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nPast<\/strong>
\nSimple<\/strong><\/td>\n		Anna:\u201cI’m<\/b> here.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Anna said (that) she was<\/b> there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Present<\/strong>
\nContinuous<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nPast<\/strong>
\nContinuous<\/strong><\/td>\n		Adam: \u201cI’m<\/b> reading a book.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Adam said (that) he was<\/b> reading a book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Present<\/strong>
\nPerfect<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nPast<\/strong>
\nPerfect<\/strong><\/td>\n		John: \u201cI’ve done<\/b> my homework.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
John said (that) he had done<\/b> his homework.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Present<\/strong>
\nPerfect<\/strong>
\nContinuous<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nPast<\/strong>
\nPerfect<\/strong>
\nContinuous<\/strong><\/td>\n		Charlie: \u201cI have been living<\/b> here for 10 years.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Charlie said (that) he had been living<\/b> there for 10 years.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
Past<\/span><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Past<\/strong>
\nSimple<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nPast<\/strong>
\nPerfect<\/strong><\/td>\n		Ben: \u201cI had<\/b> dinner two hours ago.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ben said (that) he had had<\/b> dinner two hours before.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Past<\/strong>
\nContinuous<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nPast<\/strong>
\nPerfect Continuous<\/strong><\/td>\n		Avah: \u201cI was sleeping<\/b> when they left home.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Avah said (that) she had been sleeping<\/b> when they had left home.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Past<\/strong>
\nPerfect<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nPast
\nPerfect<\/b><\/td>\n		Lucy: \u201cI had finished<\/b> school before you were born.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lucy said (that) she had finished<\/b> school before I had been born.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Past<\/strong>
\nPerfect<\/strong>
\nContinuous<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nPast
\nPerfect
\nContinuous<\/b><\/td>\n		Harry: \u201cI had been reading<\/b> this book for 2 months”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Harry said (that) he had been reading<\/b> that book for 2 months.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
Future<\/span><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Future<\/strong>
\nSimple<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nwill<\/strong>
\n\u2193
\nwould<\/strong><\/td>\n		George: \u201cI will call<\/b> you.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
George said (that) he would call<\/b> me.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Future<\/strong>
\nContinuous<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nwill<\/strong>
\n\u2193
\nwould<\/strong><\/td>\n		Ian: \u201cI will be driving<\/b> to New York tomorrow”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ian said (that) he would be driving<\/b> to New York the next day.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Future<\/strong>
\nPerfect<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nwill<\/strong>
\n\u2193
\nwould<\/strong><\/td>\n		Kate: \u201cI will have finished<\/b> my paper by tomorrow”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kate said (that) she would have finished<\/b> her paper by the next day.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Future<\/strong>
\nPerfect<\/strong>
\nContinuous<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n		\u2192<\/td>\nwill<\/strong>
\n\u2193
\nwould<\/strong><\/td>\n		Megan: \u201cBy next week I will have been writing<\/b> this letter for over two weeks”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Megan said (that) by the following week she would have been writing<\/b> that letter for over two weeks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Z pocz\u0105tku mo\u017ce si\u0119 to wydawa\u0107 skomplikowane, jednak nale\u017cy pami\u0119ta\u0107 \u017ce w mowie zale\u017cnej czasy zamieniaj\u0105 si\u0119 zawsze o jeden czas do ty\u0142u:<\/p>\n

Past \u2190 Present<\/i><\/h6>\n

“Najdalsza” przesz\u0142o\u015b\u0107 to czasy Past Perfect<\/i> i Past Perfect Continuous<\/i>, dlatego w\u0142a\u015bnie do nich cofamy si\u0119 w przypadku czasu Past Simple<\/i> i Past Continuous<\/i>. Past Perfect<\/i> i Past Perfect Continuous<\/i> zostaj\u0105 bez zmian z bardzo prostego powodu \u2013 nie istnieje ju\u017c “dalsza” przesz\u0142o\u015b\u0107.<\/p>\n

Je\u015bli chodzi o czasy Future<\/i>, nie cofaj\u0105 si\u0119 one do czasu Present<\/i>, poniewa\u017c by\u0142oby to bez sensu (nie byliby\u015bmy wtedy w stanie wyrazi\u0107 przysz\u0142o\u015bci). U\u017cywamy wi\u0119c tzw. future in the past<\/i>, kt\u00f3re polega na zamianie will<\/i> na would<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\n

\"reported<\/p>\n

Reported speech:\u00a0 inne zmiany<\/h2>\n

Jak mo\u017cna by\u0142o zauwa\u017cy\u0107 w przyk\u0142adach wy\u017cej, opr\u00f3cz czas\u00f3w w mowie zale\u017cnej musimy czasami zmieni\u0107 inne s\u0142owa, takie jak zaimki, okre\u015blenia czasu czy miejsca. Dlaczego?<\/p>\n

Za\u0142\u00f3\u017cmy, \u017ce relacjonujemy wypowied\u017a sprzed tygodnia, w kt\u00f3rej kto\u015b u\u017cywa s\u0142owa tomorrow<\/i>\u00a0(jutro). Je\u015bli u\u017cyliby\u015bmy s\u0142owa tomorrow<\/i> w mowie zale\u017cnej, oznacza\u0142oby to nast\u0119pny dzie\u0144 od teraz, czyli inny dzie\u0144 ni\u017c mia\u0142a na my\u015bli osoba m\u00f3wi\u0105ca. To samo tyczy si\u0119 innych okre\u015ble\u0144 czasu.<\/p>\n

\n

Reported speech:\u00a0 okre\u015blenia czasu w mowie zale\u017cnej<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

last Monday\/month<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthe Monday before, the month before<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

two days\/years ago<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\ntwo days\/years before<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

yesterday<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthe day before, the previous day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

today<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthat day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

this month<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthat month<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

at the moment<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nat the time<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

now<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

tomorrow<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthe following day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

next week<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthe following week<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

the day after tomorrow<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\ntwo days later<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Przyk\u0142ady:<\/p>\n

He said, \u201cI saw him yesterday<\/b>.”<\/p>\n

He said he had seen him the day before<\/b>.<\/p>\n

She said, \u201cI’m busy at the moment<\/b>.”<\/p>\n

She said she was busy at the time<\/b>.<\/p>\n

The professor said, \u201cThe test will take place next week<\/b>.”<\/p>\n

The professor said that the test would take place the following week<\/b>.<\/p>\n

They said, \u201cWe’re working now<\/b>.”<\/p>\n

They said they were working then<\/b>.<\/p>\n

\n

Reported speech:\u00a0 okre\u015blenia miejsca<\/h2>\n

Zdarza si\u0119, \u017ce w mowie zale\u017cnej musimy zmieni\u0107 te\u017c okre\u015blenia miejsca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\n

here<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

in this place<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nin that place<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Przyk\u0142ad:<\/p>\n

She said, \u201cMeet me here.”<\/p>\n

She told me to meet her there.<\/p>\n

\n

Reported speech:\u00a0 zaimki<\/h2>\n

Aby zachowa\u0107 logik\u0119 zdania, cz\u0119sto musimy zmieni\u0107 te\u017c zaimki osobowe \u2013 je\u015bli w mowie niezale\u017cnej m\u0119\u017cczyzna m\u00f3wi “my car”<\/i>, to my relacjonuj\u0105c jego wypowied\u017a powinni\u015bmy zmieni\u0107 to na “his car”<\/i>, bo inaczej nie oddamy sensu wypowiedzi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

my<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nhis\/her<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

our<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\ntheir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

this<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

these<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u2192<\/td>\nthose<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Przyk\u0142ady:<\/p>\n

Adam said, \u201cThis is my dog.”<\/p>\n

Adam said that was his dog.<\/p>\n

My neighbors asked, \u201cHave you seen our cat?”<\/p>\n

My neighbors asked whether I had seen their cat.<\/p>\n

My sister said, \u201cI don’t like these dresses.”<\/p>\n

My sister said that she didn’t like those dresses.<\/p>\n

Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej o zaimkach w j\u0119zyku angielskim z wpisu zaimki po angielsku<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

Reported speech:\u00a0 reporting verbs<\/h2>\n

Opr\u00f3cz czasownika said, kt\u00f3rego u\u017cywali\u015bmy wcze\u015bniej w przyk\u0142adach do relacjonowania wypowiedzi mo\u017cemy u\u017cy\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c czasownika tell<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u201cI’m waiting for you at the station,” said Martha.<\/p>\n

Martha told<\/b> me she was waiting for me at the station.<\/p>\n

Martha powiedzia\u0142a mi, \u017ce czeka na mnie na stacji.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou look beautiful,” he said.<\/p>\n

He told<\/b> me that I looked beautiful.<\/p>\n

On powiedzia\u0142 mi, \u017ce wygl\u0105dam pi\u0119knie.<\/p>\n

\n
say vs tell<\/h5>\n

Zar\u00f3wno say<\/i>, jak i tell<\/i> mo\u017cemy przet\u0142umaczy\u0107 na j\u0119zyk polski jako “powiedzie\u0107”. Istnieje jednak r\u00f3\u017cnica w ich u\u017cyciu.<\/p>\n

He said<\/b> that he was unhappy.<\/p>\n

He told me<\/b> that he was unhappy.<\/p>\n

Po say<\/i> mo\u017cemy dalej relacjonowa\u0107 wypowied\u017a, za to tell<\/i> potrzebuje dope\u0142nienia \u2013 powiedzie\u0107 co\u015b komu\u015b. W mowie niezale\u017cnej mo\u017cemy r\u00f3wnie\u017c powiedzie\u0107:<\/p>\n

He said to me<\/b>, \u201cI am unhappy.”<\/p>\n

Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej z wpisu say vs tell<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Reported speech:\u00a0 czasowniki modalne<\/h2>\n

W reported speech<\/i> zmieniaj\u0105 si\u0119 nie tylko czasy gramatyczne, ale tak\u017ce czasowniki modalne<\/a>. Pocieszaj\u0105ce jest jednak to, \u017ce niekt\u00f3re z nich u\u017cywane s\u0105 w mowie zale\u017cnej i niezale\u017cnej w niezmienionej formie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Direct speech<\/i><\/th>\nReported speech<\/i><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
can<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\ncould<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
may<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\ncould\/might<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
must<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nhad to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
have to<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nhad to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
be supposed to<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nwas\/were supposed to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

W zale\u017cno\u015bci od tego, w jakim znaczeniu wyst\u0119puje may, inaczej zamienimy to na mow\u0119 zale\u017cn\u0105.<\/p>\n

John said, \u201cYou may<\/b> sit here” (pozwolenie)<\/p>\n

John said we could<\/b> sit there.<\/p>\n

Anna said, \u201cWe may be late” (mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107)<\/p>\n

Anna said we might<\/b> be late.<\/p>\n

Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej o czasowniku may z wpisu may vs might<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Inne przyk\u0142ady:<\/b><\/p>\n

Jack said, \u201cI’m supposed<\/b> to go to school tomorrow.”<\/p>\n

Jack said he was supposed<\/b> to go to school the following day.<\/p>\n

Emma said, \u201cI must<\/b> wash the dishes.”<\/p>\n

Emma said she had to<\/b> wash the dishes.<\/p>\n

Bez zmiany pozostaj\u0105:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Direct speech<\/th>\nReported speech<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
might<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nmight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
should<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nshould<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ought to<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nought to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
would<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nwould<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
could<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\ncould<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mustn’t<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nmustn’t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Daniel said, \u201cWe could<\/b> go to the beach on Sunday.”<\/p>\n

Daniel said that we could<\/b> go to the beach on Sunday.<\/p>\n

Daniel powiedzia\u0142, \u017ce w niedziel\u0119 mogliby\u015bmy p\u00f3j\u015b\u0107 na pla\u017c\u0119.<\/p>\n

Amy said, \u201cYou mustn’t<\/b> touch the oven.”<\/p>\n

Amy said I mustn’t<\/b> touch the oven.<\/p>\n

Amy powiedzia\u0142a, \u017ce nie wolno mi dotyka\u0107 piekarnika.<\/p>\n

\n

\"reported<\/p>\n

Reported speech:\u00a0 pytania<\/h2>\n

W reported speech<\/i> mo\u017cemy relacjonowa\u0107 nie tylko zdania twierdz\u0105ce czy przecz\u0105ce, ale r\u00f3wnie\u017c pytania. Wygl\u0105daj\u0105 one jednak troch\u0119 inaczej. Przede wszystkim musimy zmieni\u0107 reporting verb, co jest logiczne, bo nie powiemy “On powiedzia\u0142\u2026”, ale “On spyta\u0142\u2026”<\/p>\n

Pytania yes\/no<\/i><\/h4>\n

Pytania, na kt\u00f3re mo\u017cemy odpowiedzie\u0107 tak lub nie, po polsku zaczynaj\u0105 si\u0119 “Czy..?”, a relacjonuj\u0105c je m\u00f3wimy “On spyta\u0142 czy\u2026”. Po angielsku zamiast s\u0142\u00f3wka czy u\u017cyjemy if<\/i>\u00a0 lub whether<\/i>.<\/p>\n

My mom asked, \u201cDid you sleep well?”<\/p>\n

My mom asked whether<\/b> I had slept well.<\/p>\n

Mama spyta\u0142a czy dobrze spa\u0142am\/spa\u0142em.<\/p>\n

He asked, \u201cIs she okay?”<\/p>\n

He asked if<\/b> she was okay.<\/p>\n

Spyta\u0142 czy wszystko u niej w porz\u0105dku.<\/p>\n

Po pierwsze, nale\u017cy pami\u0119ta\u0107, \u017ce nadal obowi\u0105zuje nast\u0119pstwo czas\u00f3w. Po drugie, tworz\u0105c zdanie twierdz\u0105ce, musimy u\u017cy\u0107 szyku zdania twierdz\u0105cego. Do tego nale\u017cy pami\u0119ta\u0107 o s\u0142\u00f3wku whether<\/i> lub if<\/i>\u00a0 po reporting verb<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Pytania wh-<\/h4>\n

Pytania typu wh-<\/b>, czyli zaczynaj\u0105ce si\u0119 od what<\/i>, when<\/i>, where<\/i> itd. traktujemy troch\u0119 inaczej. Nie potrzebujemy ju\u017c if\/whether<\/i>, a w ich miejsce wstawiamy po prostu s\u0142\u00f3wko pytaj\u0105ce. Nadal obowi\u0105zuje nast\u0119pstwo czas\u00f3w.<\/p>\n

Adam asked, \u201cWhat time is it?”<\/p>\n

Adam asked what<\/b> time it was.<\/p>\n

Adam zapyta\u0142 kt\u00f3ra godzina.<\/p>\n

Jak wida\u0107, przy zamianie pytania na zdanie twierdz\u0105ce, musimy zmieni\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c szyk zdania na szyk zdania twierdz\u0105cego.<\/p>\n

She asked, \u201cWhere were you?”<\/p>\n

She asked where<\/b> we had been.<\/p>\n

Spyta\u0142a gdzie byli\u015bmy.<\/p>\n

John asked, \u201cWhy did you leave?”<\/p>\n

John asked me why<\/b> I had left.<\/p>\n

John zapyta\u0142 czemu wyszed\u0142em\/am.<\/p>\n

Zamiast asked<\/i> mo\u017cemy u\u017cy\u0107 wyra\u017cenia wanted to know<\/i>.<\/p>\n

He wanted to know<\/b> what time it was.<\/p>\n

Chcia\u0142 wiedzie\u0107 kt\u00f3ra godzina.<\/p>\n

\"Angielski<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"reported<\/p>\n

Reported speech: rozkazy i pro\u015bby<\/h2>\n

Rozkazy i pro\u015bby wyra\u017ca si\u0119 w j\u0119zyku angielskim w trybie rozkazuj\u0105cym<\/a>. Relacjonowanie pr\u00f3\u015bb i rozkaz\u00f3w w por\u00f3wnaniu do innych konstrukcji w reported speech<\/i> jest stosunkowo \u0142atwe, je\u015bli u\u017cyjemy odpowiednich reporting verbs<\/i>. Nie obowi\u0105zuje tu nast\u0119pstwo czas\u00f3w, poniewa\u017c stosujemy konstrukcje z bezokolicznikiem lub ko\u0144c\u00f3wk\u0105 -ing<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Rozkazy, oskar\u017cenia, porady<\/h4>\n

U\u017cywamy tu trybu rozkazuj\u0105cego, wi\u0119c nie cofamy si\u0119 w czasie.<\/p>\n

\u201cClean your room,” my mom said.<\/p>\n

My mom told me to clean my room.<\/p>\n

Mama kaza\u0142a mi posprz\u0105ta\u0107 w pokoju.<\/p>\n

\u201cDo your homework,” my dad said.<\/p>\n

My dad ordered me to do my homework.<\/p>\n

Tata kaza\u0142 mi odrobi\u0107 prac\u0119 domow\u0105.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou should start exercising,” my doctor said.<\/p>\n

My doctor advised me to start exercising.<\/p>\n

M\u00f3j lekarz doradzi\u0142 mi, abym zacz\u0105\u0142 \u0107wiczy\u0107.<\/p>\n

Niekt\u00f3re wypowiedzi mo\u017cemy przekszta\u0142ci\u0107 na mow\u0119 zale\u017cn\u0105 na kilka sposob\u00f3w.<\/p>\n

\u201cStop complaining,” my friend said.<\/p>\n

My friend told me not<\/b> to complain.<\/p>\n

My friend told me to stop complaining.<\/p>\n

M\u00f3j przyjaciel powiedzia\u0142 mi, \u017cebym przesta\u0142\/a narzeka\u0107.<\/p>\n

Jak wida\u0107, przy u\u017cyciu czasownika accuse nie musimy cofa\u0107 si\u0119 do czasu Past Perfect<\/i>.<\/p>\n

He shouted, \u201cYou stole my money.”<\/p>\n

He accused me of stealing his money.<\/p>\n

Oskar\u017cy\u0142 mnie o kradzie\u017c jego pieni\u0119dzy.<\/p>\n

Pro\u015bba<\/h4>\n

Czasownik ask<\/i> oznacza zar\u00f3wno pyta\u0107, jak i prosi\u0107.<\/p>\n

\u201cPlease come here,” she asked.<\/p>\n

She asked him\/her to<\/b> come there.<\/p>\n

Poprosi\u0142a jego\/j\u0105, \u017ceby tam przyszed\u0142\/przysz\u0142a.<\/p>\n

Propozycja<\/h4>\n

Maria said, \u201cI’ll go and get us some water.”<\/p>\n

Maria offered to go and get us some water.<\/p>\n

Maria zaoferowa\u0142a si\u0119, \u017ce p\u00f3jdzie po wod\u0119 dla nas.<\/p>\n

\n

\"reported<\/p>\n

Reported speech: wyj\u0105tki<\/h2>\n

Istniej\u0105 przypadki, w kt\u00f3rych nie musimy zmienia\u0107 czasu w zdaniu w mowie zale\u017cnej. Nie trzeba wtedy pami\u0119ta\u0107 o nast\u0119pstwie czasu oraz okre\u015bleniach czasu. Dzieje si\u0119 tak w przypadku:<\/p>\n

Kiedy reporting verb<\/i> jest w czasie tera\u017aniejszym<\/h4>\n

Reporting verb<\/i>, czyli czasownik, kt\u00f3rego u\u017cywamy do relacjonowania czyjej\u015b wypowiedzi, nie zawsze musi by\u0107 w czasie przesz\u0142ym. W poprzednich przyk\u0142adach u\u017cywali\u015bmy g\u0142\u00f3wnie said<\/i> i told<\/i>. Wyobra\u017amy sobie jednak sytuacj\u0119, \u017ce rozmawiamy z dwoma osobami i jedna z nich nie us\u0142ysza\u0142a co powiedzia\u0142a ta druga. Chc\u0105c powt\u00f3rzy\u0107 wypowied\u017a jednej z os\u00f3b, mo\u017cemy j\u0105 zrelacjonowa\u0107 w czasie tera\u017aniejszym.<\/p>\n

Anna: \u201cI went to the movie theater yesterday.”<\/p>\n

She says<\/b> that she went to the movie theater yesterday.<\/p>\n

Ona m\u00f3wi, \u017ce wczoraj posz\u0142a do kina.<\/p>\n

Je\u015bli u\u017cyjemy czasownika says<\/i>, cofni\u0119cie czasu w mowie zale\u017cnej nie b\u0119dzie ju\u017c konieczne \u2013 relacjonujemy przecie\u017c wypowied\u017a sprzed kilku minut.<\/p>\n

Kiedy sytuacja nadal jest prawdziwa<\/h4>\n

Mowa zale\u017cna dopuszcza niezmienianie czasu gramatycznego, kiedy sytuacja, kt\u00f3r\u0105 relacjonujemy nadal jest prawdziwa.<\/p>\n

Linda said, \u201cMy son is in first grade.”<\/p>\n

Linda said that her son is<\/b> in first grade.<\/p>\n

Linda powiedzia\u0142a, \u017ce jej syn chodzi do pierwszej klasy.<\/p>\n

W tym zdaniu, mo\u017cemy, ale nie musimy zmienia\u0107 czasu gramatycznego. Zale\u017cy to od tego, kiedy relacjonujemy wypowied\u017a. Je\u015bli dzi\u015b relacjonujemy wypowied\u017a Lindy z dnia poprzedniego, jej syn na 99% nadal chodzi do pierwszej klasy, nie ma wi\u0119c potrzeby zmiany czasu gramatycznego. Z kolei je\u015bli us\u0142yszeli\u015bmy wypowied\u017a kilka lat temu, prawdopodobnie sytuacja jest ju\u017c nieaktualna i wtedy obowi\u0105zkowo zmieniamy czas o jeden do ty\u0142u.<\/p>\n

Kiedy opisujemy sta\u0142e odczucia, fakty<\/h4>\n

Mowa zale\u017cna pozwala na zachowanie czasu gramatycznego z oryginalnego zdania przy opisie fakt\u00f3w lub odczu\u0107, kt\u00f3re si\u0119 nie zmieniaj\u0105. B\u0119da to przede wszystkim zdania z czasownikami typu love<\/i>, like<\/i>, hate<\/i> itp.<\/p>\n

Avah said, \u201cI love your earrings!”<\/p>\n

Avah said she loves my earrings.<\/p>\n

Avah powiedzia\u0142a, \u017ce podobaj\u0105 jej si\u0119 moje kolczyki.<\/p>\n

Je\u015bli zak\u0142adamy, \u017ce odczucia osoby m\u00f3wi\u0105cej nie zmieniaj\u0105 si\u0119 (kolczyki podoba\u0142y jej si\u0119 wtedy i nadal jej si\u0119 podobaj\u0105), nie musimy zmienia\u0107 czasu gramatycznego w mowie zale\u017cnej.<\/p>\n

\"Rozpocznij<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Reported speech czyli mowa zale\u017cna Reported speech, czyli mowa zale\u017cna to zagadnienie, kt\u00f3re wymaga od uczni\u00f3w przede wszystkim bardzo dobrej znajomo\u015bci czas\u00f3w gramatycznych. Do czego potrzebna jest nam mowa zale\u017cna? U\u017cywa si\u0119 jej po to, \u017ceby przekaza\u0107 czyj\u0105\u015b wypowied\u017a, bez cytowania jej wprost. Najtrudniejsze w mowie zale\u017cnej jest tzw. nast\u0119pstwo czas\u00f3w, bowiem przekazuj\u0105c czyj\u0105\u015b wypowied\u017a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4971,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[10,68,131,132],"class_list":["post-4618","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gramatyka","tag-gramatyka","tag-grammar","tag-mowa-zalezna","tag-reported-speech"],"yoast_head":"\nReported speech: mowa zale\u017cna | Jak przekszta\u0142ca\u0107 zdania? | ELLA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Reported speech: mowa zale\u017cna. To proste! Zajrzyj i dowiedz si\u0119 jak dzia\u0142a reported speech po angielsku. 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