{"id":19069,"date":"2021-01-16T06:00:17","date_gmt":"2021-01-16T05:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/?p=19069"},"modified":"2024-06-18T09:18:57","modified_gmt":"2024-06-18T07:18:57","slug":"grammatical-cases-in-polish","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/grammatical-cases-in-polish\/","title":{"rendered":"Grammatical Cases in Polish"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Grammatical cases in Polish<\/h1>\n<p>Grammatical cases in Polish can be quite difficult to learn, especially considering that Polish has exactly seven grammatical cases (compared to barely three in the English language). In fact, you only have to know two grammatical cases in English (the nominative form and the possessive form) to be a fully functional English speaker. That&#8217;s not the case in Polish (pun intended\u2026) \ud83d\ude09 . In Polish, we have seven grammatical cases and all of them are in everyday use.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_przypadki.png\" alt=\"Grammatical cases in Polish\" width=\"834\" height=\"835\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_przypadki.png 834w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_przypadki-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_przypadki-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_przypadki-768x769.png 768w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_przypadki-370x370.png 370w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_przypadki-270x270.png 270w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_przypadki-570x571.png 570w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_przypadki-740x741.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><b>Nominative (mianownik)<\/b><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><b>Genitive (dope\u0142niacz)<\/b><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><b>Dative (celownik)<\/b><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><b>Accusative (biernik)<\/b><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><b>Instrumental (narz\u0119dnik)<\/b><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><b>Locative (miejscownik)<\/b><\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\"><b>Vocative (wo\u0142acz)<\/b><\/p>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<!-- Polish cases --><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-4461534436081269\" data-ad-slot=\"6025468595\" data-ad-format=\"auto\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script><br \/>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});<br \/>\n<\/script><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_nominative.png\" alt=\"Grammatical cases in Polish\" width=\"834\" height=\"417\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_nominative.png 834w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_nominative-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_nominative-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_nominative-370x185.png 370w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_nominative-270x135.png 270w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_nominative-570x285.png 570w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_nominative-740x370.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>When is the nominative case used?<\/h2>\n<p>The nominative<strong> (mianownik)<\/strong> is the first and simplest grammatical case of all seven grammatical cases in Polish. It can describe both people as well as objects. The nominative case is used in a number of situations. Let&#8217;s take a look at the nominative case in Polish.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when talking about the subject of a sentence<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Adam<\/strong><\/span> lubi samochody.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Pomidory<\/strong><\/span> s\u0105 zdrowe.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>On<\/strong><\/span> ma na imi\u0119 Marek.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Pies<\/strong><\/span> szczeka.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ after the phrase &#8220;to jest\u2026&#8221; and &#8220;to\u2026&#8221;<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>To jes<\/strong>t <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pomidor<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>To jest<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Adam<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Kasia <strong>to<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>studentka<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Marek <strong>to<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>m\u0119\u017cczyzna<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when expressing a comparison<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">g\u0142odny jak <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>wilk<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">wolny jak <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>ptak<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">czarny jak <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>smo\u0142a<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">radosny jak <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>skowronek<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The nominative case answers the questions: who? <b>(kto?)<\/b> and what? <b>(co?)<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h3>Nominative case in Polish: examples<\/h3>\n<p>Examples of the nominative case in Polish:<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Marek<\/strong><\/span> je czekolad\u0119.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>On<\/strong><\/span> lubi je\u015b\u0107 czekolad\u0119.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Adam i Kasia<\/strong><\/span> s\u0105 ma\u0142\u017ce\u0144stwem.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">To jest <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>czerwony pomidor<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Ten banan<\/strong><\/span> jest \u017c\u00f3\u0142ty.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Ona jest pracowita jak <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mr\u00f3wka<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Susan to <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>angielskie<\/strong> <strong>imi\u0119<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>As previously mentioned, in English there are three grammatical cases: the subjective, the possessive, and the objective case also called nominative, genitive, and accusative respectively. Though it&#8217;s much easier to learn English, as only the pronouns change their forms in the accusative case <strong>(object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them)<\/strong> as well as who <strong>(acc. whom)<\/strong> and whoever <strong>(acc. whomever)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_genitive.png\" alt=\"Grammatical cases in Polish\" width=\"835\" height=\"418\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_genitive.png 835w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_genitive-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_genitive-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_genitive-370x185.png 370w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_genitive-270x135.png 270w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_genitive-570x285.png 570w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_genitive-740x370.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>When is the genitive case in Polish used?<\/h2>\n<p>The genitive case is usually a grammatical case that signalizes possession, that something belongs to someone. In English, the genitive grammatical case is signalized by adding \u2018s <strong>(apostrophe + s)<\/strong> to nouns. When is the genitive case used?<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when expressing negation<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Nie ma <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pomidor\u00f3w<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Nie lubi\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pomidor\u00f3w<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Nie mam <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pomidor\u00f3w<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when expressing ownership<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">plecak mojej <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>siostry<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">kolega mojego <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>kolegi<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">mama mojej <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>kole\u017canki<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ with specified and unspecified quantity<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">fili\u017canka <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>kawy<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">kawa\u0142ek <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pizzy<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">du\u017co <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>przemy\u015ble\u0144<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\">+ with the prepositions:<\/h4>\n<p><strong>niedaleko<\/strong> (near), <strong>bez<\/strong> (without), <strong>dla<\/strong> (for), <strong>do<\/strong> (to, into), <strong>od<\/strong> (from), <strong>ko\u0142o\/obok<\/strong> (near, by), <strong>podczas<\/strong> (during), <strong>wzd\u0142u\u017c<\/strong> (along), <strong>z\/ze<\/strong> (from)<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Poprosz\u0119 kaw\u0119 <strong>bez<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>cukru<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">To jest <strong>od<\/strong> mojej <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mamy<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Ona idzie <strong>wzd\u0142u\u017c<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>rzeki<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\">+ with some verbs expressing absence or the lack of something:<\/h4>\n<p><strong>szuka\u0107<\/strong> (to search for, to look for), <strong>potrzebowa\u0107<\/strong> (to need), <strong>uczy\u0107 si\u0119<\/strong> (to study), <strong>zapomnie\u0107<\/strong> (to forget), <strong>\u017cyczy\u0107<\/strong> (to wish), <strong>oczekiwa\u0107<\/strong> (to expect), <strong>s\u0142ucha\u0107<\/strong> (to listen)<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>Szukam<\/strong> nowej <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>ksi\u0105\u017cki<\/strong><\/span> do czytania.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>Uczysz<\/strong> <strong>si\u0119<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>polskiego<\/strong><\/span>?<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Adam lubi <strong>s\u0142ucha\u0107<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>muzyki<\/strong><\/span> powa\u017cnej.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ after number 5 and above<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">sze\u015b\u0107 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>ps\u00f3w<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">osiem <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>samochod\u00f3w<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">pi\u0119\u0107 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>szklanek<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when describing a specific time<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">ka\u017cdego <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>wieczoru<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">zesz\u0142ego <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>miesi\u0105ca<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">pewnego <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>lata<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The genitive case answers the questions: whose? <strong>(kogo? czego?)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"boxborder\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h5>wieczoru or wieczora: what&#8217;s the genitive case?<\/h5>\n<p>Some nouns in Polish have two forms in the genitive case and both are correct. This is the case with the word &#8220;wiecz\u00f3r&#8221; where the genitive form can either be &#8220;wieczoru&#8221; or &#8220;wieczora&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Genitive case in Polish: examples<\/h3>\n<p>Examples of the genitive case in Polish:<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Nie znam <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>jej<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Nie umiem <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>matematyki<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Ona mieszka niedaleko <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>supermarketu<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Id\u0119 do <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>szko\u0142y<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Adam potrzebuje <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pomocy<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Zapomnieli\u015bmy <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>kluczy<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Agata zna sze\u015b\u0107 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>j\u0119zyk\u00f3w<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">W kolejce stoi siedem <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>os\u00f3b<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Zesz\u0142ej <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>zimy<\/strong><\/span> z\u0142ama\u0142am r\u0119k\u0119.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Wczorajszego <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>dnia<\/strong><\/span> spad\u0142 \u015bnieg.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_accusative.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"834\" height=\"418\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_accusative.png 834w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_accusative-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_accusative-768x385.png 768w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_accusative-370x185.png 370w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_accusative-270x135.png 270w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_accusative-570x286.png 570w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_accusative-740x371.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>When is the accusative case in Polish used?<\/h2>\n<p>When is the accusative case used?<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\">+ with transitive verbs (czasowniki przechodnie):<\/h4>\n<p><strong>robi\u0107<\/strong> (to do, to make), <strong>czyta\u0107<\/strong> (to read), <strong>je\u015b\u0107<\/strong> (to eat), <strong>kupi\u0107<\/strong> (to buy), <strong>zna\u0107<\/strong> (to know) etc.<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Chc\u0119 kupi\u0107 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>buty<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Robi\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pranie<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Jemy <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>lody<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when the object in an affirmative sentence<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Mam <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>siostr\u0119<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Czytam <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>gazet\u0119<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Znam <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>angielski<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ with prepositions: przez, po, na<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">przej\u015b\u0107 <strong>przez<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>ulic\u0119<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">i\u015b\u0107 <strong>po <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\">obiad<\/span><\/strong> do sklepu<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">i\u015b\u0107 <strong>na<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>spotkanie<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\">+ when expressing time with days of the week and certain temporal phrases such as:<\/h4>\n<p><strong>ca\u0142y dzie\u0144<\/strong> (all day), <strong>ca\u0142\u0105 dob\u0119<\/strong> (all day),<strong> za godzin\u0119<\/strong> (in an hour)<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">W <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>poniedzia\u0142ek<\/strong><\/span> id\u0119 do lekarza.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Ca\u0142\u0105 dob\u0119<\/strong><\/span> p\u0142aka\u0142.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Za godzin\u0119<\/strong><\/span> mam spotkanie.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when describing a mental condition or physical condition<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Ten prezent <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mnie<\/strong><\/span> ucieszy\u0142.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Boli <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mnie<\/strong><\/span> g\u0142owa.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Ten kawa\u0142 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>go<\/strong><\/span> roz\u015bmieszy\u0142.<\/p>\n<p>The accusative case answers the questions: who? <strong>(kogo?)<\/strong> and what? <strong>(co?)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Accusative case in Polish: examples<\/h3>\n<p>Examples of the accusative case in Polish:<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Lubi\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pierogi<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Widz\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>znak<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Musimy przej\u015b\u0107 przez <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>park<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Wybieram si\u0119 do <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Adama<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">W <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pi\u0105tek<\/strong><\/span> mam wizyt\u0119 u dentysty.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Przez <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>ca\u0142y dzie\u0144<\/strong><\/span> mam zaj\u0119cia.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">On <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>j\u0105<\/strong><\/span> szczypie.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Ten film nudzi <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Adama<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_instrumental.png\" alt=\"Grammatical cases in Polish\" width=\"834\" height=\"418\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19147\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_instrumental.png 834w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_instrumental-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_instrumental-768x385.png 768w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_instrumental-370x185.png 370w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_instrumental-270x135.png 270w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_instrumental-570x286.png 570w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_instrumental-740x371.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>When is the instrumental case in Polish used?<\/h2>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when expressing professions, relationships, nationalities + to be<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Ona jest <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>lekarzem<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Agnieszka jest moj\u0105 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>\u017con\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">On jest <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Amerykaninem<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ with the preposition: z (with)<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">kawa <strong>z<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mlekiem<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">mas\u0142o <strong>z<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>miodem<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">herbata <strong>z<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>cukrem<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\">+ with some verbs:<\/h4>\n<p><strong>interesuj\u0119 si\u0119<\/strong> (I am interested in\u2026), <strong>zosta\u0107<\/strong> (to become), <strong>okaza\u0107 si\u0119<\/strong> (to prove to be) etc.<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Jestem <strong>zainteresowany<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>nauk\u0105<\/strong><\/span> j\u0119zyka polskiego.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Chc\u0119 <strong>zosta\u0107<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>astronaut\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Ona <strong>okaza\u0142a si\u0119<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>k\u0142amczuch\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ with the prepositions: nad, przed, pod, za, mi\u0119dzy<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>nad<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>morzem<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>mi\u0119dzy<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>krzes\u0142em <\/strong><\/span>a <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>sto\u0142em<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>pod<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>sto\u0142em<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>za<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>szaf\u0105<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when expressing the instrument or tool you use when doing something and means of transportation<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Kroj\u0119 chleb <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>no\u017cem<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Zamiatam <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>miot\u0142\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Jad\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>samochodem<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when expressing a certain period of time and location<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Wczesnym rankiem<\/strong><\/span> spad\u0142 deszcz..<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Adam szed\u0142 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>ulic\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Wieczorem<\/strong><\/span> Maria posz\u0142a do teatru.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ as a logical subject<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Zapachnia\u0142o <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>kwiatami<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Rzuci\u0142 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>krzes\u0142em<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">W samochodzie \u015bmierdzi <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>papierosami<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when talking about part of a bigger group<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Zebra jest <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>ssakiem<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Ten film jest <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>hitem kinowym<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Jaskinie s\u0105 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>domem<\/strong><\/span> dla nietoperzy.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ when describing body movements<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Adam pokiwa\u0142 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>g\u0142ow\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">On pogrozi\u0142 nam <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pi\u0119\u015bci\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Agata pstrykn\u0119\u0142a <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>palcami<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The instrumental case answers the questions: with who? <strong>(kim?)<\/strong> and with what? <strong>(czym?)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Instrumental case in Polish: examples<\/h3>\n<p>Examples of the instrumental case in Polish:<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Mary jest <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Angielsk\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">On jest <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>fotografem<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Poprosz\u0119 kanapk\u0119 z <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pasztetem<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Id\u0119 z <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>psem<\/strong><\/span> na spacer.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Interesujemy si\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>sztuk\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">On chce zosta\u0107 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>nauczycielem<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Znalaz\u0142am pilota pod <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>krzes\u0142em<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Mieszkam nad <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>rzek\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Mieszam zup\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>\u0142y\u017ck\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Rysuj\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>kredk\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Zim\u0105<\/strong><\/span> pada \u015bnieg.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Agata spacerowa\u0142a parkow\u0105 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>alej\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Pachnia\u0142o <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>wiosn\u0105<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_locative.png\" alt=\"Grammatical cases in Polish\" width=\"834\" height=\"417\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_locative.png 834w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_locative-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_locative-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_locative-370x185.png 370w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_locative-270x135.png 270w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_locative-570x285.png 570w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_locative-740x370.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>When is the locative case in Polish used?<\/h2>\n<p>The locative case, as its name may suggest, indicated a location. When exactly do we use the locative case in Polish?<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\">+ after the prepositions:<\/h4>\n<p><strong>w<\/strong> (in), <strong>na<\/strong> (on, at), <strong>po<\/strong> (after), <strong>o<\/strong> (about, of), <strong>przy<\/strong> (next to, by, near)<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Studiuj\u0119 <strong>na<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>uniwersytecie<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Mieszkam <strong>w<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>domu<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Opowiadam <strong>o<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>ksi\u0105\u017cce<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The locative case answers the questions: about who? <strong>(o kim?)<\/strong> and about what? <strong>(o czym?)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Locative case in Polish: examples<\/h3>\n<p>Examples of the locative case in Polish:<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Adam pracuje w <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>restauracji<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">On po\u015blizgn\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 na <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>lodzie<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Spotkajmy si\u0119 po <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>pracy<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Profesor opowiada o <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>historii<\/strong><\/span> Ameryki.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Sklep stoi przy <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>parku<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_dative.png\" alt=\"Grammatical cases in Polish\" width=\"834\" height=\"418\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19146\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_dative.png 834w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_dative-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_dative-768x385.png 768w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_dative-370x185.png 370w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_dative-270x135.png 270w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_dative-570x286.png 570w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_dative-740x371.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>When is the dative case in Polish used?<\/h2>\n<p>The dative case <strong>(celownik)<\/strong> in Polish is very similar to the dative case in German, so if you happen to know German it might come in handy! Though, the dative case isn&#8217;t used in Polish too often.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\">+ in impersonal phrases:<\/h4>\n<p><strong>mi\u0142o <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\">mi<\/span>, zimno <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\">mi<\/span>, gor\u0105co <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\">ci<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ to express a recipient<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Pomog\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mu<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Daj <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>jemu<\/strong><\/span> ten zeszyt.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Otw\u00f3rz <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>jej<\/strong><\/span> drzwi.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ with certain verbs:<\/h4>\n<p><strong>przeszkadza\u0107<\/strong> (to disturb), <strong>pomaga\u0107<\/strong> (to help), <strong>zazdro\u015bci\u0107<\/strong> (to envy), <strong>wierzy\u0107<\/strong> (to believe), <strong>dawa\u0107\/da\u0107<\/strong> (to give), <strong>(po)darowa\u0107<\/strong> (to donate), <strong>dzi\u0119kowa\u0107<\/strong> (to thank), <strong>gratulowa\u0107<\/strong> (to congratulate), <strong>imponowa\u0107<\/strong> (to impress), <strong>odpowiada\u0107<\/strong> (to answer), <strong>odmawia\u0107<\/strong> (to refuse), <strong>opowiada\u0107<\/strong> (to tell sb sth), <strong>pasowa\u0107<\/strong> (to fit),<strong> podoba\u0107 si\u0119<\/strong> (to like), <strong>pozwoli\u0107<\/strong> (to let), <strong>po\u017cyczy\u0107<\/strong> (to lend), <strong>smakowa\u0107<\/strong> (to taste), <strong>przebaczy\u0107<\/strong> (to forgive) etc.<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Nie <strong>przeszkadzaj<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mu<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>Pom\u00f3\u017c<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Agacie<\/strong><\/span> przynie\u015b\u0107 zakupy.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>Uwierz<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mi<\/strong><\/span>!<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\">+ after the prepositions:<\/h4>\n<p><strong>dzi\u0119ki<\/strong> (thanks to), <strong>przeciwko<\/strong> (against), <strong>wbrew<\/strong> (against, in spite of, despite)<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><strong>Dzi\u0119ki<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>tobie<\/strong><\/span> znalaz\u0142em now\u0105 prac\u0119.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Musimy wyst\u0105pi\u0107 <strong>przeciwko<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>niesprawiedliwo\u015bci<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Nie post\u0119puj <strong>wbrew<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>zaleceniom<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 5px;\">+ after adjectives:<\/h4>\n<p><strong>wierny<\/strong> (faithfull), <strong>przychylny<\/strong> (well disposed)<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Pies jest <strong>wierny<\/strong> swemu <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>panu<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">On jest <strong>przychylny<\/strong> jej <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>kandydaturze<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">Ona jest <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mu<\/strong><\/span> <strong>wierna<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>The dative case answers the questions: who? <strong>(komu?)<\/strong> and what? <strong>(czemu?)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Dative case in Polish: examples<\/h3>\n<p>Examples of the dative case in Polish:<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Przynie\u015b\u0107 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>babci<\/strong><\/span> herbat\u0119.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Podarowa\u0142em <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>jej<\/strong><\/span> prezent.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Zazdroszcz\u0119 <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>jej<\/strong><\/span> nowej fryzury.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Przeszkadzasz <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>mi<\/strong><\/span> w pracy.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Odnalaz\u0142am drog\u0119 dzi\u0119ki <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>znakom<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\">Pomagam ci wbrew <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>sobie<\/strong><\/span>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\">On jest wierny swoim <span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>przekonaniom<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_vocative.png\" alt=\"grammatical cases in polish\" width=\"834\" height=\"418\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_vocative.png 834w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_vocative-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_vocative-768x385.png 768w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_vocative-370x185.png 370w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_vocative-270x135.png 270w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_vocative-570x286.png 570w, https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/grammatical_cases_in_polish_vocative-740x371.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>When is the vocative case in Polish used?<\/h2>\n<h4 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">+ to address someone<\/h4>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Agato<\/strong><\/span>, podejd\u017a do tablicy.<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Sier\u017cancie<\/strong><\/span>, spocznij.<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Mamo<\/strong><\/span>! Chc\u0119 now\u0105 zabawk\u0119!<\/p>\n<h3>Vocative case in Polish: examples<\/h3>\n<p>Examples of the vocative case in Polish:<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Adamie<\/strong><\/span>, gdzie jest twoja praca domowa?<\/div>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Nowy Jorku<\/strong><\/span>! Czemu jeste\u015b taki drogi?<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Prosz\u0119 pani<\/strong><\/span>! Zgubi\u0142a pani r\u0119kawiczk\u0119.<\/p>\n<div class=\"boxborder\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h5>Can we use the nominative case instead of the vocative?<\/h5>\n<p>The vocative case is oftentimes substituted by the nominative case, especially in informal language.<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Kasiu<\/strong><\/span>! Uwa\u017caj! (vocative)<\/div>\n<p class=\"leftonedot30\"><span style=\"color: #55cec3;\"><strong>Kasia<\/strong><\/span>! Uwa\u017caj! (nominative)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Comparison of grammatical cases in Polish<\/h2>\n<p>When you decline nouns indicating people you use questions: <b>kto, kogo, komu, z kim, o kim<\/b>.<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\" id=\"customtable\" class=\"tthird\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th valign=\"top\">PRZYPADEK<\/th>\n<th>LICZBA POJEDYNCZA<br \/>\n(singular)<\/th>\n<th>LICZBA MNOGA<br \/>\n(plural)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mianownik<\/strong><br \/>\nkto? co?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarz<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarze<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dope\u0142niacz<\/strong><br \/>\nkogo? czego?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarza<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarzy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Celownik<\/strong><br \/>\nkomu? czemu?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarzowi<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarzom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Biernik<\/strong><br \/>\nkogo? co?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarza<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarzy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Narz\u0119dnik<\/strong><br \/>\nz kim? z czym?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarzem<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarzami<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Miejscownik<\/strong><br \/>\no kim? o czym?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarzu<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarzach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Wo\u0142acz<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarzu<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">lekarze<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>When you decline nouns indicating objects you use questions: <b>co, czego, czemu, z czym, o czym<\/b>.<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\" id=\"customtable\" class=\"tthird\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th valign=\"top\">PRZYPADEK<\/th>\n<th>LICZBA POJEDYNCZA<br \/>\n(singular)<\/th>\n<th>LICZBA MNOGA<br \/>\n(plural)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mianownik<\/strong><br \/>\nkto? co?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dope\u0142niacz<\/strong><br \/>\nkogo? czego?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisu<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopis\u00f3w<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Celownik<\/strong><br \/>\nkomu? czemu?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisowi<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Biernik<\/strong><br \/>\nkogo? co?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Narz\u0119dnik<\/strong><br \/>\nz kim? z czym?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisem<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisami<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Miejscownik<\/strong><br \/>\no kim? o czym?<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisie<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Wo\u0142acz<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisie<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">d\u0142ugopisy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Grammatical cases in Polish Grammatical cases in Polish can be quite difficult to learn, especially considering that Polish has exactly seven grammatical cases (compared to barely three in the English language). In fact, you only have to know two grammatical cases in English (the nominative form and the possessive form) to be a fully functional [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":20356,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14349,57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-englishblog","category-grammar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v18.0 (Yoast SEO v26.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Grammatical Cases in Polish | Mianownik, dope\u0142niacz... | ELLA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Grammatical cases in Polish. Mianownik, dope\u0142niacz, celownik, biernik, narz\u0119dnik, miejscownik, wo\u0142acz. 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