{"id":17170,"date":"2020-11-18T06:00:17","date_gmt":"2020-11-18T05:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/?p=17170"},"modified":"2023-10-25T12:11:24","modified_gmt":"2023-10-25T10:11:24","slug":"rzeczowniki-zlozone-compound-nouns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/rzeczowniki-zlozone-compound-nouns\/","title":{"rendered":"Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: compound nouns"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: wst\u0119p<\/h1>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone, czyli compound nouns<\/em> to rzeczowniki, kt\u00f3re sk\u0142adaj\u0105 si\u0119 z dw\u00f3ch lub wi\u0119cej wyraz\u00f3w. W wielu przypadkach pierwsze s\u0142owo opisuje lub modyfikuje drugie, a drugie identyfikuje czym lub kim jest dany rzeczownik (hiking shoes – shoes for hiking,<\/em> czyli buty do chodzenia po g\u00f3rach). Taki rzeczownik sk\u0142adaj\u0105cy si\u0119 z kilku wyraz\u00f3w jest uznawany za jedno s\u0142owo i jest modyfikowany jak jedno s\u0142owo. Rzeczownik z\u0142o\u017cony mo\u017ce si\u0119 sk\u0142ada\u0107 z r\u00f3\u017cnych cz\u0119\u015bci mowy, na przyk\u0142ad z rzeczownika i rzeczownika lub przymiotnika i rzeczownika.<\/p>\n

Jak zapisywa\u0107 rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone?<\/h2>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone mo\u017cemy zapisywa\u0107 na trzy sposoby:<\/p>\n

osobno<\/b> np. hiking shoes, dry cleaning, swimming pool<\/em><\/div>\n
z my\u015blnikiem<\/b> np. mother-in-law, passer-by, make-up<\/em><\/div>\n

razem<\/b> np. software, haircut, toothpaste<\/em><\/p>\n

Nie ma jednoznacznych zasad co do tego, kt\u00f3ry spos\u00f3b zapisu jest poprawny do kt\u00f3rego\u015b typu rzeczownika z\u0142o\u017conego. Zwykle zapis r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 od osoby do osoby a niekt\u00f3re rzeczowniki mog\u0105 by\u0107 zapisane na r\u00f3\u017cne sposoby.<\/p>\n

makeup<\/div>\n

make-up<\/p>\n

Ale!<\/h3>\n

Wystrzegajmy si\u0119 pisowni make up<\/i> je\u015bli mamy na my\u015bli rzeczownik oznaczaj\u0105cy makija\u017c, gdy\u017c to make up<\/b> to zapis czasownika frazowego<\/a> oznaczaj\u0105cego “pogodzi\u0107 si\u0119”.<\/p>\n

\n
Compound nouns: British English vs American English<\/h5>\n

W ameryka\u0144skim angielskim cz\u0119\u015bciej mo\u017cemy spotka\u0107 rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone zapisane razem – zw\u0142aszcza te najbardziej powszechne. Rzadziej u\u017cywane compound nouns<\/i> zazwyczaj s\u0105 zapisywane osobno lub z my\u015blnikiem. Tendencja w ameryka\u0144skim angielskim jest jednak taka, aby likwidowa\u0107 przerwy i my\u015blniki w zapisie – st\u0105d te\u017c cz\u0119sto s\u0142owa, kt\u00f3re pocz\u0105tkowo by\u0142y mniej popularne (np. on-line) b\u0119d\u0105 zapisywane inaczej, gdy zyskaj\u0105 na popularno\u015bci (teraz: online).<\/p>\n

on-line => online<\/b><\/p>\n

W brytyjskim angielskim, a tak\u017ce kanadyjskim angielskim rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone s\u0105 najcz\u0119\u015bciej zapisywane z my\u015blnikiem.<\/p>\n

eyecatching (AmE)<\/b><\/div>\n

eye-catching (BrE)<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Jakie cz\u0119\u015bci mowy tworz\u0105 rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone?<\/h2>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone mog\u0105 sk\u0142ada\u0107 si\u0119 z r\u00f3\u017cnych cz\u0119\u015bci. Oto niekt\u00f3re po\u0142\u0105czenia tworz\u0105ce compound nouns<\/i>.<\/p>\n

rzeczownik + rzeczownik<\/b> np. airport, sunflower, football<\/em><\/div>\n
przymiotnik + rzeczownik<\/b> np. redhead, full moon, blackberry<\/em><\/div>\n
czasownik + rzeczownik<\/b> np. living room, washing machine, running shoes<\/em><\/div>\n
rzeczownik + czasownik<\/b> np. snowfall, rainfall, mountain climbing<\/em><\/div>\n
czasownik + przyimek<\/b> np. takeout, check-in, build-u<\/em>p<\/div>\n
przyimek + czasownik<\/b> np. input, undercut, output<\/em><\/div>\n
przyimek + rzeczownik<\/b> np. afterlife, underground, offspring<\/em><\/div>\n

rzeczownik + przyimek<\/b> np. passer-by, hanger-on, daughter-in-law<\/em><\/p>\n

\n
Jak akcentowa\u0107 rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone?<\/h5>\n

W wi\u0119kszo\u015bci przypadk\u00f3w akcentujemy pierwsz\u0105 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 rzeczownika z\u0142o\u017conego.<\/p>\n

bath<\/span>room<\/p>\n

Niekt\u00f3re rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone, zw\u0142aszcza nazwy w\u0142asne i tytu\u0142y k\u0142ad\u0105 akcent na drug\u0105 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 wyrazu.<\/p>\n

New York<\/span><\/p>\n

W przypadku rzeczownik\u00f3w z\u0142o\u017conych sk\u0142adaj\u0105cych si\u0119 z przymiotnika i rzeczownika, odpowiedni akcent pomo\u017ce rozr\u00f3\u017cni\u0107 naszemu rozm\u00f3wcy czy m\u00f3wimy o rzeczowniku z\u0142o\u017conym czy mamy na my\u015bli wyra\u017cenie sk\u0142adaj\u0105ce si\u0119 z przymiotnika i rzeczownika.<\/p>\n

green<\/span>house – rzeczownik z\u0142o\u017cony oznaczaj\u0105cy szklarni\u0119<\/div>\n

green house<\/span> – wyra\u017cenie z\u0142o\u017cone z przymiotnika i rzeczownika oznaczaj\u0105ce zielony dom<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\"Nie<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\"rzeczowniki<\/p>\n

Liczba mnoga rzeczownik\u00f3w z\u0142o\u017conych<\/h2>\n

W liczbie mnogiej do rzeczownik\u00f3w z\u0142o\u017conych, kt\u00f3re nie s\u0105 jednym s\u0142owem zwykle dodajemy ko\u0144c\u00f3wk\u0119 -s (-es) do g\u0142\u00f3wnego s\u0142owa, cz\u0119sto rzeczownika.<\/p>\n

father-in-law => fathers<\/b>-in-law<\/div>\n

father-in-laws<\/p>\n

Ale!<\/h4>\n

in-laws<\/b> – te\u015bciowie<\/p>\n

W przypadku compound nouns<\/i> zapisanych jako jedno s\u0142owo liczb\u0119 mnog\u0105 zwykle tworzy si\u0119 poprzez dodanie -s (-es) na koniec wyrazu.<\/p>\n

toothbrush => toothbrushes<\/b><\/div>\n

teethbrush<\/p>\n

Ale!<\/h4>\n

W przypadku s\u0142owa passerby,<\/i> kt\u00f3re mo\u017ce by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c zapisane jako passer-by<\/i> ko\u0144c\u00f3wka -s jest dodana do s\u0142owa passer<\/i>.<\/p>\n

passerby =>passers<\/b>by<\/div>\n

passerbys<\/p>\n

Compound nouns,<\/i> kt\u00f3re sk\u0142adaj\u0105 si\u0119 z dw\u00f3ch rzeczownik\u00f3w ko\u0144c\u00f3wk\u0119 -s dodajemy do drugiego rzeczownika.<\/p>\n

bus stop => bus stops<\/b><\/div>\n

buses stop<\/p>\n

Je\u015bli jednak nie da si\u0119 stwierdzi\u0107 do kt\u00f3rego s\u0142owa doda\u0107 ko\u0144c\u00f3wk\u0119 -s, wtedy nale\u017cy skonsultowa\u0107 si\u0119 ze s\u0142ownikiem.<\/p>\n

grown-up => grown-ups<\/b><\/div>\n

growns-up<\/p>\n

\n
Jak tworzymy liczb\u0119 mnog\u0105 od rzeczownik\u00f3w?<\/h5>\n

Zasady dotycz\u0105ce dodawania ko\u0144c\u00f3wek -s oraz -es mo\u017cna pozna\u0107 z artyku\u0142u rzeczowniki nieregularne<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\"Sprawdzony<\/a><\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: zmiana d\u0142ugich form na kr\u00f3tsze<\/h2>\n

D\u0142u\u017csze wyra\u017cenia mo\u017cna zmienia\u0107 na kr\u00f3tsze compound nouns<\/i> przez pomini\u0119cie przyimk\u00f3w \u0142\u0105cz\u0105cych rzeczowniki w danym wyra\u017ceniu.<\/p>\n

a box for tools = a toolbox<\/strong><\/div>\n
a coat for the rain = a raincoat<\/strong><\/div>\n
a cup made of plastic = a plastic cup<\/strong><\/div>\n
a machine for washing clothes = a washing machine<\/strong><\/div>\n
a shed for tools = a tool shed<\/strong><\/div>\n
a stick for hockey = a hockey stick<\/strong><\/div>\n
a store with books = a bookstore<\/strong><\/div>\n
tax for your income = income tax<\/strong><\/div>\n

time for bed = bedtime<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\"compund<\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: przyk\u0142ady<\/h2>\n

Oto przyk\u0142ady compound nouns<\/i> z podzia\u0142em na cz\u0119\u015bci mowy z kt\u00f3rych si\u0119 sk\u0142adaj\u0105.<\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: rzeczownik + rzeczownik<\/h4>\n
airport <\/b>– lotnisko<\/div>\n
armchair <\/b>– fotel<\/div>\n
banknote <\/b>– banknot<\/div>\n
baseball <\/b>– baseball<\/div>\n
basketball<\/b> – koszyk\u00f3wka<\/div>\n
bookshelf <\/b>– p\u00f3\u0142ka na ksi\u0105\u017cki<\/div>\n
boyfriend <\/b>– ch\u0142opak<\/div>\n
chairman <\/b>– przewodnicz\u0105cy<\/div>\n
classmate <\/b>– kolega z klasy<\/div>\n
cupboard <\/b>– kredens<\/div>\n
dishwasher <\/b>– zmywarka<\/div>\n
doorbell <\/b>– dzwonek do drzwi<\/div>\n
dress shoes <\/b>– eleganckie buty<\/div>\n
drugstore (AmE) <\/b>– apteka<\/div>\n
earphones <\/b>– s\u0142uchawki<\/div>\n
firefly <\/b>– \u015bwietlik<\/div>\n
football <\/b>– futbol ameryka\u0144ski (AmE), pi\u0142ka no\u017cna (BrE)<\/div>\n
lifetime <\/b>– czas \u017cycia<\/div>\n
lipstick <\/b>– szminka<\/div>\n
mailbox (AmE) <\/b>– skrzynka pocztowa<\/div>\n
moonlight <\/b>– \u015bwiat\u0142o ksi\u0119\u017cyca<\/div>\n
movie theater (AmE)<\/b> – kino<\/div>\n
newspaper<\/b> – gazeta<\/div>\n
night club <\/b>– nocny lokal<\/div>\n
pigtail <\/b>– kucyk<\/div>\n
pocket knife <\/b>– scyzoryk<\/div>\n
saucepan<\/b> – rondel<\/div>\n
seashell <\/b>– muszla<\/div>\n
skateboard <\/b>– deskorolka<\/div>\n
snowball <\/b>– \u015bnie\u017cka<\/div>\n
spaceship<\/b> – statek kosmiczny<\/div>\n
stopwatch <\/b>– stoper<\/div>\n
strawberry <\/b>– truskawka<\/div>\n
suitcase <\/b>– walizka<\/div>\n
sunflower <\/b>– s\u0142onecznik<\/div>\n
sunglasses<\/b> – okulary przeciws\u0142oneczne<\/div>\n
teacup <\/b>– fili\u017canka<\/div>\n
teammate <\/b>– kolega z dru\u017cyny<\/div>\n
teaspoon <\/b>– \u0142y\u017ceczka<\/div>\n
tennis shoes (BrE) <\/b>– tenis\u00f3wki<\/div>\n
toothpick<\/b> – wyka\u0142aczka<\/div>\n
watermelon <\/b>– arbuz<\/div>\n

weatherman <\/b>– prezenter prognozy pogody<\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: przymiotnik + rzeczownik<\/h4>\n
blackberry<\/b> – je\u017cyna<\/div>\n
blackboard <\/b>– tablica<\/div>\n
black hole <\/b>– czarna dziura<\/div>\n
chocolate chip cookie <\/b>– ciastko z czekolad\u0105<\/div>\n
dead end <\/b>– \u015blepa ulica<\/div>\n
deadline <\/b>– ostateczny termin<\/div>\n
deadlock <\/b>– sytuacja patowa<\/div>\n
freeway (AmE) <\/b>– autostrada<\/div>\n
French fries (AmE) <\/b>– frytki<\/div>\n
full moon <\/b>– pe\u0142nia ksi\u0119\u017cyca<\/div>\n
gentleman<\/b> – d\u017centelmen<\/div>\n
goldfish <\/b>– z\u0142ota rybka<\/div>\n
goodnight<\/b> – dobranoc<\/div>\n
grandmother <\/b>– babcia<\/div>\n
grandstand <\/b>– trybuna g\u0142\u00f3wna<\/div>\n
greenhouse<\/b> – szklarnia<\/div>\n
hardware <\/b>– sprz\u0119t komputerowy<\/div>\n
high heels <\/b>– szpilki<\/div>\n
highway (AmE)<\/b> – autostrada<\/div>\n
ladybug (AmE) <\/b>– biedronka<\/div>\n
middleman <\/b>– po\u015brednik<\/div>\n
monthly ticket <\/b>– bilet miesi\u0119czny<\/div>\n
newborn<\/b> – noworodek<\/div>\n
North Pole<\/b> – biegun p\u00f3\u0142nocny<\/div>\n
quicksand <\/b>– ruchome piaski<\/div>\n
redhead <\/b>– rudy<\/div>\n
shorthand <\/b>– skr\u00f3t<\/div>\n
sickbed <\/b>– \u0142\u00f3\u017cko chorego<\/div>\n
small talk <\/b>– rozmowa towarzyska<\/div>\n
software<\/b> – oprogramowanie<\/div>\n
strongbox <\/b>– sejf<\/div>\n
superman <\/b>– superman<\/div>\n
sweetheart <\/b>– ukochany\/a<\/div>\n

top hat <\/b>– cylinder<\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: czasownik + rzeczownik<\/h4>\n
backlash <\/b>– ostry sprzeciw<\/div>\n
breakfast <\/b>– \u015bniadanie<\/div>\n
breakwater <\/b>– falochron<\/div>\n
chopsticks<\/b> – pa\u0142eczki<\/div>\n
copycat <\/b>– na\u015bladowca<\/div>\n
cutback <\/b>– redukcja<\/div>\n
driveway <\/b>– podjazd<\/div>\n
driving licence (BrE) <\/b>– prawo jazdy<\/div>\n
driver’s license (AmE)<\/b> – prawo jazdy<\/div>\n
fall-guy <\/b>– kozio\u0142 ofiarny<\/div>\n
go-cart (AmE) <\/b>– gokart<\/div>\n
go-kart (BrE) <\/b>– gokart<\/div>\n
kickboxing <\/b>– kickboxing<\/div>\n
living room <\/b>– salon<\/div>\n
passport <\/b>– paszport<\/div>\n
password <\/b>– has\u0142o<\/div>\n
pickpocket <\/b>– kieszonkowiec<\/div>\n
popcorn <\/b>– popcorn<\/div>\n
racehorse <\/b>– ko\u0144 wy\u015bcigowy<\/div>\n
rowboat (AmE)<\/b> – \u0142\u00f3d\u017a wios\u0142owa<\/div>\n
rowing boat (BrE) <\/b>– \u0142\u00f3d\u017a wios\u0142owa<\/div>\n
running shoes <\/b>– buty do biegania<\/div>\n
runway <\/b>– pas startowy<\/div>\n
swimming pool <\/b>– basen<\/div>\n

washing machine <\/b>– pralka<\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: rzeczownik + czasownik<\/h4>\n
backache <\/b>– b\u00f3l plec\u00f3w<\/div>\n
bodyguard<\/b> – ochroniarz<\/div>\n
car wash <\/b>– myjnia samochodowa<\/div>\n
dragonfly <\/b>– wa\u017cka<\/div>\n
fingerprint <\/b>– odcisk palca<\/div>\n
haircut <\/b>– fryzura<\/div>\n
hairstyle <\/b>– fryzura<\/div>\n
handmade <\/b>– r\u0119cznie wykonany<\/div>\n
handshake <\/b>– u\u015bcisk d\u0142oni<\/div>\n
handwriting <\/b>– charakter pisma<\/div>\n
heartbeat <\/b>– bicie serca<\/div>\n
mountain climbing <\/b>– wspinaczka wysokog\u00f3rska<\/div>\n
nosebleed <\/b>– krwotok z nosa<\/div>\n
photocopy <\/b>– kopia<\/div>\n
raindrop <\/b>– kropla deszczu<\/div>\n
rainfall <\/b>– opady deszczu<\/div>\n
sidestep <\/b>– unik<\/div>\n
sleepwalking <\/b>– lunatykowanie<\/div>\n
snowfall <\/b>– opady \u015bniegu<\/div>\n
sunrise <\/b>– wsch\u00f3d s\u0142o\u0144ca<\/div>\n

sunshine <\/b>– \u015bwiat\u0142o s\u0142oneczne<\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: czasownik + przyimek<\/h4>\n
build-up <\/b>– nat\u0119\u017cenie<\/div>\n
check-in <\/b>– odprawa<\/div>\n
checkout <\/b>– kasa<\/div>\n
check-up <\/b>– badania kontrolne<\/div>\n
countdown <\/b>– odliczanie<\/div>\n
crackdown <\/b>– rozprawa<\/div>\n
drawback <\/b>– mankament<\/div>\n
feedback <\/b>– informacja zwrotna<\/div>\n
show-off <\/b>– pozer<\/div>\n
take-down <\/b>– nalot<\/div>\n
takeaway (BrE)<\/b> – jedzenie na wynos<\/div>\n

takeout (AmE) <\/b>– jedzenie na wynos<\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: przyimek + czasownik<\/h4>\n
backbone <\/b>– kr\u0119gos\u0142up<\/div>\n
input<\/b> – wej\u015bcie<\/div>\n
outlook <\/b>– pogl\u0105d<\/div>\n
output <\/b>– wyj\u015bcie<\/div>\n
overthrow <\/b>– zamach stanu<\/div>\n
undercut <\/b>– podci\u0119cie<\/div>\n
underline <\/b>– podkre\u015blenie<\/div>\n
upgrade <\/b>– aktualizacja<\/div>\n

uplift <\/b>– podnoszenie<\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: przyimek + rzeczownik<\/h4>\n
afterlife <\/b>– \u017cycie pozagrobowe<\/div>\n
aftermath <\/b>– nast\u0119pstwo<\/div>\n
aftershave<\/b> – p\u0142yn po goleniu<\/div>\n
bystander <\/b>– przechodzie\u0144<\/div>\n
downstairs <\/b>– dolne pi\u0119tro<\/div>\n
inside <\/b>– wn\u0119trze<\/div>\n
offspring <\/b>– potomstwo<\/div>\n
online <\/b>– online<\/div>\n
onlooker <\/b>– gap<\/div>\n
onset <\/b>– pocz\u0105tek<\/div>\n
outdoor <\/b>– na wolnym powietrzu<\/div>\n
outside <\/b>– na zewn\u0105trz<\/div>\n
over-the-counter <\/b>– bez recepty<\/div>\n
overestimate <\/b>– wyg\u00f3rowana ocena<\/div>\n
overseas<\/b> – za granic\u0105<\/div>\n
overtime <\/b>– nadgodziny<\/div>\n
past life<\/b> – poprzednie wcielenie<\/div>\n
underground<\/b> – podziemie<\/div>\n
underworld <\/b>– \u015bwiat przest\u0119pczy<\/div>\n
upside <\/b>– g\u00f3rna cz\u0119\u015b\u0107<\/div>\n
upstairs <\/b>– g\u00f3rne pi\u0119tro<\/div>\n
upstream <\/b>– w g\u00f3rze rzeki<\/div>\n

uptown <\/b>– przedmie\u015bcia<\/p>\n

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: rzeczownik + przyimek<\/h4>\n
daughter-in-law <\/b>– synowa<\/div>\n
father-in-law <\/b>– te\u015b\u0107<\/div>\n
hanger-on <\/b>– pochlebca<\/div>\n
mother-in-law <\/b>– te\u015bciowa<\/div>\n
passer-by <\/b>– przechodzie\u0144<\/div>\n

son-in-law <\/b>– zi\u0119\u0107<\/p>\n

\"Rozpocznij<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone: wst\u0119p Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone, czyli compound nouns to rzeczowniki, kt\u00f3re sk\u0142adaj\u0105 si\u0119 z dw\u00f3ch lub wi\u0119cej wyraz\u00f3w. W wielu przypadkach pierwsze s\u0142owo opisuje lub modyfikuje drugie, a drugie identyfikuje czym lub kim jest dany rzeczownik (hiking shoes – shoes for hiking, czyli buty do chodzenia po g\u00f3rach). Taki rzeczownik sk\u0142adaj\u0105cy si\u0119 z kilku wyraz\u00f3w […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":17171,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gramatyka"],"yoast_head":"\nRzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone w j\u0119zyku angielskim | compound nouns | ELLA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Rzeczowniki z\u0142o\u017cone w j\u0119zyku angielskim czyli compound nouns. 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