{"id":15803,"date":"2020-06-10T06:00:34","date_gmt":"2020-06-10T04:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/?p=15803"},"modified":"2023-10-25T13:06:41","modified_gmt":"2023-10-25T11:06:41","slug":"relative-clauses-czyli-zdania-wzgledne-who-which-that","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ellalanguage.com\/blog\/relative-clauses-czyli-zdania-wzgledne-who-which-that\/","title":{"rendered":"Relative clauses czyli zdania wzgl\u0119dne: who, which, that"},"content":{"rendered":"

Relative clauses czyli zdania wzgl\u0119dne: wst\u0119p<\/h1>\n

Who, which, that, whom, whose to zaimki wzgl\u0119dne<\/a> u\u017cywane w zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych (relative clauses)<\/strong>, zwanych r\u00f3wnie\u017c zdaniami przydawkowymi. Pozwalaj\u0105 nam one zawrze\u0107 informacje o osobach lub rzeczach o kt\u00f3rych m\u00f3wimy. U\u017cywamy who, which, that, whom lub whose w zale\u017cno\u015bci od tego czy m\u00f3wimy o osobach czy o rzeczach.<\/p>\n

Najcz\u0119\u015bciej u\u017cywane zaimki wzgl\u0119dne:<\/p>\n

who <\/b><\/span>– do os\u00f3b<\/div>\n
which <\/b><\/span>– do rzeczy i zwierz\u0105t<\/div>\n

that <\/b><\/span>– do os\u00f3b lub rzeczy (mowa potoczna)<\/p>\n

Rzadziej u\u017cywane zaimki wzgl\u0119dne:<\/p>\n

whose <\/b><\/span>– do ludzi<\/div>\n

whom <\/b><\/span>– do ludzi<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/th>\nOsoba<\/th>\nRzecz<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Podmiot<\/b><\/td>\nwho \/ that<\/td>\nwhich \/ that<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dope\u0142nienie<\/b><\/td>\nwho \/ whom \/ that<\/td>\nwhich \/ that<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zaimek dzier\u017cawczy<\/b><\/td>\nwhose<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\"Nie<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Kiedy u\u017cywamy relative clauses?<\/h2>\n

1. Gdy chcemy po\u0142\u0105czy\u0107 dwa zdania ze sob\u0105.<\/p>\n

I have a dress. It\u2019s new.<\/u><\/div>\n

I have a dress which is new.<\/p>\n

2. Gdy chcemy poda\u0107 wi\u0119cej informacji o czym\u015b.<\/p>\n

I bought a hat, which is red<\/u>, for my sister.<\/p>\n

Rodzaje zda\u0144 wzgl\u0119dnych<\/h2>\n

W j\u0119zyku angielskim mamy dwa rodzaje zda\u0144 wzgl\u0119dnych (relative clauses)<\/b>.<\/p>\n

zdania wzgl\u0119dne okre\u015blaj\u0105ce (defining relative clauses)<\/strong><\/div>\n

zdania wzgl\u0119dne nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce (non-defining relative clauses)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\"zdania<\/p>\n

Defining clauses: zdania wzgl\u0119dne okre\u015blaj\u0105ce<\/h2>\n

U\u017cywamy zda\u0144 wzgl\u0119dnych aby okre\u015bli\u0107 osob\u0119 lub rzecz o kt\u00f3rej m\u00f3wimy. Je\u015bli informacja okre\u015blaj\u0105ca rzecz (osob\u0119) o kt\u00f3rej m\u00f3wimy jest niezb\u0119dna do zrozumienia o czym m\u00f3wimy, w\u00f3wczas mo\u017cemy m\u00f3wi\u0107 o zdaniu wzgl\u0119dnym okre\u015blaj\u0105cym (defining relative clauses)<\/strong>. W zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych okre\u015blaj\u0105cych mo\u017cemy stosowa\u0107 who, which lub that.<\/p>\n

Steve Jobs is one of the people who<\/span> created Apple.<\/strong><\/div>\n
Steve Jobs is one of the people that<\/span> created Apple.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Steve Jobs jest jedn\u0105 z os\u00f3b kt\u00f3re stworzy\u0142y Apple’a.<\/p>\n

This is a cake which<\/span> she baked.<\/strong><\/div>\n
This is a cake that<\/span> she baked.<\/strong><\/div>\n

To ciasto kt\u00f3re upiek\u0142a.<\/p>\n

W defining relative clauses nie stawiamy przecink\u00f3w przed zaimkiem wzgl\u0119dnym, czyli nie oddzielamy zawartej przez nas informacji okre\u015blaj\u0105cej temat naszego zdania od reszty zdania.<\/p>\n

This is a cake, which she baked.<\/p>\n

Zaimek wzgl\u0119dny mo\u017ce by\u0107 podmiotem (subject)<\/b> lub dope\u0142nieniem (object)<\/b> w zdaniu wzgl\u0119dnym.<\/p>\n

Kiedy nie pomijamy zaimka: zaimek wzgl\u0119dny jako podmiot<\/h3>\n

Gdy zaimek jest podmiotem zdania wzgl\u0119dnego, wtedy nie mo\u017cemy pomin\u0105\u0107 zaimka wzgl\u0119dnego w zdaniu. Zdanie wzgl\u0119dne mo\u017ce wyst\u0119powa\u0107 po podmiocie zdania lub po dope\u0142nieniu zdania.<\/p>\n

Zdanie wzgl\u0119dne po dope\u0142nieniu zdania (clause after the object of the sentence)<\/h5>\n
I have a car which<\/span> is new.<\/strong><\/div>\n
I have a car that<\/span> is new.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Mam samoch\u00f3d, kt\u00f3ry jest nowy.<\/p>\n

She is looking for a mechanic who<\/span> can fix her car.<\/strong><\/div>\n
She is looking for a mechanic that<\/span> can fix her car.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Ona szuka mechanika, kt\u00f3ry potrafi naprawi\u0107 jej samoch\u00f3d.<\/p>\n

Zdanie wzgl\u0119dne po podmiocie zdania (clause after the subject of the sentence)<\/h5>\n
This dress which<\/span> costs 50$ is on sale.<\/strong><\/div>\n
This dress that<\/span> costs 50$ is on sale.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Ta sukienka kt\u00f3ra kosztuje 50$ jest na wyprzeda\u017cy.<\/p>\n

The person who<\/span> called me said he\u2019s selling insurance.<\/strong><\/div>\n
The person that<\/span> called me said he\u2019s selling insurance.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Ta osoba kt\u00f3ra do mnie zadzwoni\u0142a sprzedawa\u0142a ubezpieczenia.<\/p>\n

Kiedy pomijamy zaimek: zaimek wzgl\u0119dny jako dope\u0142nienie<\/h3>\n

Je\u015bli zaimek wzgl\u0119dny jest przedmiotem zdania (dope\u0142nieniem), wtedy mo\u017cemy, ale nie musimy pomin\u0105\u0107 zaimek wzgl\u0119dny w zdaniu. Zdanie wzgl\u0119dne mo\u017ce wyst\u0119powa\u0107 po podmiocie zdania lub po dope\u0142nieniu zdania.<\/p>\n

Zdanie wzgl\u0119dne po dope\u0142nieniu zdania (clause after the object of the sentence)<\/h5>\n
I went to the restaurant which<\/span> you recommended.<\/strong><\/div>\n
I went to the restaurant that<\/span> you recommended.<\/strong><\/div>\n
I went to the restaurant you recommended.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Poszed\u0142em\/\u0142am do restauracji, kt\u00f3r\u0105 poleci\u0142e\u015b.<\/p>\n

Lucy knows a woman whom<\/span> I work with.<\/strong><\/div>\n
Lucy knows a woman that<\/span> I work with.<\/strong><\/div>\n
Lucy knows a woman I work with.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Lucy zna kobiet\u0119 z kt\u00f3r\u0105 pracuje.<\/p>\n

Zdanie wzgl\u0119dne po podmiocie zdania (clause after the subject of the sentence)<\/h5>\n
The bag which<\/span> I bought is ripped.<\/strong><\/div>\n
The bag that<\/span> I bought is ripped.<\/strong><\/div>\n
The bag I bought is ripped.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Torba kt\u00f3r\u0105 kupi\u0142em\/am jest podarta.<\/p>\n

The woman who<\/span> my brother dated lived in Alaska.<\/strong><\/div>\n
The woman that<\/span> my brother dated lived in Alaska.<\/strong><\/div>\n
The woman my brother dated lived in Alaska.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Kobiet\u0105 z kt\u00f3r\u0105 chodzi\u0142 m\u00f3j brat mieszka\u0142a w innym kraju.<\/p>\n

\n
Zaimek whom czy who?<\/h5>\n

Who u\u017cywamy w pozycji podmiotu, natomiast whom u\u017cywamy w pozycji dope\u0142nienia. Czyli, gdy zaimek wzgl\u0119dny jest przedmiotem o kt\u00f3rym m\u00f3wi czasownik lub przyimek, wtedy u\u017cyjemy whom (zamiast who). W mowie potocznej bardzo cz\u0119sto who jest u\u017cywane zamiast whom, jednak w oficjalnych sytuacjach jest to niepoprawne i nale\u017cy si\u0119 tego wystrzega\u0107. J\u0119zyk zawsze d\u0105\u017cy do uproszcze\u0144 i prawdopodobnie z czasem, coraz rzadziej b\u0119dziemy u\u017cywa\u0107 zaimka whom.<\/p>\n

This is Lisa, whom<\/span> you saw at the party.<\/strong><\/div>\n

To jest Lisa, kt\u00f3r\u0105 widzia\u0142e\u015b\/a\u015b na imprezie.<\/p>\n

This is Adam, with whom<\/span> I want to set you up.<\/strong><\/div>\n

To jest Adam, z kt\u00f3rym chc\u0119 ci\u0119 um\u00f3wi\u0107.<\/p>\n

Jak sprawdzi\u0107 czy powinni\u015bmy u\u017cy\u0107 who czy whom?<\/h5>\n

Je\u015bli nie jeste\u015bmy pewni czy mamy u\u017cy\u0107 who czy whom to spr\u00f3bujmy wstawi\u0107 do zdania zaimek osobowy. Mo\u017ce to wymaga\u0107 od nas aran\u017cacji zdania lub zadania pytania. Je\u015bli w zdaniu powinno pojawi\u0107 si\u0119 who to po aran\u017cacji zdania powinny nam pasowa\u0107 zaimki osobowe (subject pronouns)<\/b><\/a>: he, she, we etc. Natomiast je\u015bli poprawne jest whom to w zdaniu powinny nam pasowa\u0107 zaimki osobowe w dope\u0142nieniu (object pronouns)<\/b><\/a>: him, her, us etc.<\/p>\n

Adam is working.
\nWho<\/span> is working?
\nHe<\/u> is working.<\/strong><\/p>\n

I saw Adam yesterday.
\nWhom<\/span> did you see yesterday?
\nI saw him<\/span> yesterday.<\/strong><\/p>\n

This is Adam, with whom<\/span> I want to set you up.<\/strong><\/div>\n
With whom<\/span> do you want to set me up with?<\/strong><\/div>\n

I want to set you up with him<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

This is Lisa, whom<\/span> you saw at the party.<\/strong><\/div>\n

This is Lisa. You saw her<\/span> at the party.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adam is the man, who<\/span> has a garden.<\/strong><\/div>\n
Who<\/span> has a garden?<\/strong><\/div>\n

He<\/span> has a garden.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"zdania<\/p>\n

Non-defining clauses: zdania wzgl\u0119dne nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce<\/h2>\n

Zdania wzgl\u0119dne nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce (non-defining relative clauses)<\/strong> daj\u0105 nam dodatkowe<\/strong> informacje o osobie lub rzeczy o kt\u00f3rej m\u00f3wimy. Nie potrzebujemy tych informacji, aby zrozumie\u0107 sens zdania. W tego typu zdaniach wstawiamy przecinki, aby oddzieli\u0107 tak\u0105 dodatkow\u0105 informacj\u0119 od reszty zdania. W zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych nieokre\u015blaj\u0105cych nie u\u017cywamy zaimka wzgl\u0119dnego that<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

My grandma, who<\/span> is 89, has just signed up for dance classes.<\/strong><\/div>\n
Moja babcia, kt\u00f3ra ma 89 lat, w\u0142a\u015bnie zapisa\u0142a si\u0119 na zaj\u0119cia taneczne.<\/div>\n
My grandma has just signed up for dance classes.<\/strong><\/div>\n
Moja babcie w\u0142a\u015bnie zapisa\u0142a si\u0119 na zaj\u0119cia taneczne.<\/div>\n

Nawet bez tych informacji sens zdania jest zrozumia\u0142y.<\/p>\n

This car, which<\/span> is brand new, has a flat tire.<\/strong><\/div>\n
Ten samoch\u00f3d, kt\u00f3ry jest ca\u0142kiem nowy, ma gum\u0119.<\/div>\n
This car has a flat tire.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Ten samoch\u00f3d ma gum\u0119.<\/p>\n

Jak ju\u017c wspominali\u015bmy, w zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych okre\u015blaj\u0105cych nie u\u017cywamy that.<\/p>\n

My grandma, that is 89, has just signed up for dance classes.<\/div>\n

This car, that is brand new, has a flat tire.<\/p>\n

Tak jak w zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych okre\u015blaj\u0105cych, non-defining relative clauses mog\u0105 wyst\u0105pi\u0107 po podmiocie lub po dope\u0142nieniu zdania.<\/p>\n

Zdanie wzgl\u0119dne po dope\u0142nieniu (clause after the object)<\/h5>\n
Next week I will meet with my sister, who<\/span> lives in New York.<\/strong><\/div>\n

W przysz\u0142ym tygodniu spotkam si\u0119 z moj\u0105 siostr\u0105, kt\u00f3ra mieszka w Nowym Jorku.<\/p>\n

I bought new shoes, which<\/span> are red.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Kupi\u0142em\/am nowe buty, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 czerwone.<\/p>\n

Zdanie wzgl\u0119dne po podmiocie (clause after the subject)<\/h5>\n
My friend, who<\/span> has red hair, loves chocolate.<\/strong><\/div>\n

M\u00f3j przyjaciel, kt\u00f3ry ma rude w\u0142osy, uwielbia czekolad\u0119.<\/p>\n

My shirt, which<\/span> is blue, has a stain.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Moja koszula, kt\u00f3ra jest niebieska, ma plam\u0119.<\/p>\n

\n
Pami\u0119taj!<\/h5>\n

W zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych nieokre\u015blaj\u0105cych nie mo\u017cemy pomin\u0105\u0107 zaimka wzgl\u0119dnego jak to czasami mo\u017cemy zrobi\u0107 w przypadku zda\u0144 wzgl\u0119dnych okre\u015blaj\u0105cych (kiedy zaimek wzgl\u0119dny jest dope\u0142nieniem zdania wzgl\u0119dnego okre\u015blaj\u0105cego).<\/p>\n

Her bag, which<\/span> is red, is ripped.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Her bag, is red, is ripped.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Zdania wzgl\u0119dne nieokre\u015blaj\u0105ce: okre\u015blenia ilo\u015bci<\/h3>\n

W zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych nieokre\u015blaj\u0105cych mo\u017cemy do\u0142\u0105cza\u0107 do zaimk\u00f3w wzgl\u0119dnych which i whom okre\u015blenia ilo\u015bci.<\/p>\n

all of which\/whom<\/b><\/div>\n
lots of which\/whom<\/b><\/div>\n
none of which\/whom<\/b><\/div>\n
a few of which\/whom<\/b><\/div>\n
one of which\/whom<\/b><\/div>\n

many of which\/whom<\/b><\/p>\n

She has three brothers, all of whom<\/span> are older than her.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Ona ma trzech braci, z kt\u00f3rych wszyscy s\u0105 od niej starsi.<\/p>\n

I have a lot of shoes, none of which<\/span> are blue.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Mam du\u017co but\u00f3w, z kt\u00f3rych \u017cadne nie s\u0105 niebieskie.<\/p>\n

\n

\"relative<\/p>\n

Zdania wzgl\u0119dne z zaimkiem whose<\/h2>\n

Zaimek whose u\u017cywamy zamiast who\/which, gdy m\u00f3wimy o czym\u015b co przynale\u017cy do czego\u015b\/kogo\u015b. Zaimek whose nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 pomini\u0119ty w zdaniu, gdy\u017c jest on podmiotem zdania wzgl\u0119dnego. W zdaniu wzgl\u0119dnym okre\u015blaj\u0105cym nie stawiamy przecinka przed whose, a w zdaniu wzgl\u0119dnym nieokre\u015blaj\u0105cym stawiamy przecinek. Po whose zawsze wyst\u0119puje rzeczownik.<\/p>\n

whose + rzeczownik<\/h5>\n
Adam is working tonight. Adam’s car is in the driveway.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Adam whose<\/span> car is in the driveway is working tonight.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The boy is in the hospital. The boy’s parents died.<\/strong><\/div>\n

The boy whose<\/span> parents died is in the hospital.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Last week I met Adam. His sister works with me.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Last week I met Adam, whose<\/span> sister works with me.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
who’s vs whose<\/h5>\n

Who\u2019s to skr\u00f3t wyra\u017cenia who is lub who has. Natomiast whose to forma dzier\u017cawcza zaimka who. Obydwa wyra\u017cenia s\u0105 cz\u0119sto ze sob\u0105 mylone, gdy\u017c konstrukcja apostrof + s zwykle jest znacznikiem dope\u0142niacza sakso\u0144skiego<\/a>, czyli sposobem na przedstawienie przynale\u017cno\u015bci.<\/p>\n

who’s<\/span> = who is or who has<\/strong>
\nwhose<\/span> = zaimek dzier\u017cawczy who<\/strong><\/p>\n

Who’s<\/span> coming tonight? = Who<\/span> is<\/span> coming tonight?<\/strong><\/div>\n

Who’s<\/span> on the phone? = Who<\/span> is<\/span> on the phone?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Whose<\/span> keys are these? = Whom<\/span> do the keys belong to?<\/strong><\/div>\n

Whose<\/span> backpack is that? = Whom<\/span> does the backpack belong to?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wi\u0119cej o r\u00f3\u017cnicach mi\u0119dzy tymi dwoma s\u0142owami mo\u017cna znale\u017a\u0107 we wpisie whose vs who\u2019s<\/a>.<\/div>\n

\n

\"relative<\/p>\n

Zdania wzgl\u0119dne: przyimki<\/h2>\n

W zdaniach z who\/which w kt\u00f3rych wyst\u0119puj\u0105 przyimki (prepositions)<\/a> mo\u017cemy wstawi\u0107 je przed zaimkiem wzgl\u0119dnym lub na ko\u0144cu zdania. Je\u015bli zdecydujemy si\u0119 wstawi\u0107 przyimek na ko\u0144cu zdania, w\u00f3wczas zdanie b\u0119dzie brzmia\u0142o nieco bardziej potocznie. Gdy zdanie wzgl\u0119dne jest z that, w\u00f3wczas przyimek zawsze stawiamy na ko\u0144cu zdania.<\/p>\n

This is Alice with<\/span> whom<\/span> I work.<\/strong><\/div>\n
This is Alice whom<\/span> I work with<\/span>.<\/strong><\/div>\n

To jest Alice z kt\u00f3r\u0105 pracuje.<\/p>\n

The country to<\/span> which<\/span> he went is very cold.<\/strong><\/div>\n
The country which<\/span> he went to<\/span> is very cold.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Kraj do kt\u00f3rego pojecha\u0142 jest bardzo zimny.<\/p>\n

The job for<\/span> which<\/span> he applied pays very well.<\/strong><\/div>\n
The job which<\/span> he applied for<\/span> pays very well.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Praca do kt\u00f3rej aplikowa\u0142 p\u0142aci bardzo dobrze.<\/p>\n

Jak wspominali\u015bmy, w zdaniach z that zawsze stawiamy przyimki na ko\u0144cu zdania.<\/p>\n

I got the job that<\/span> I applied for<\/span>.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Dosta\u0142em\/am prac\u0119 o kt\u00f3r\u0105 si\u0119 stara\u0142em\/am.<\/p>\n

\n
Zdania wzgl\u0119dne: when, where, why<\/h5>\n

Gdy w zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych m\u00f3wimy o czasie, powodzie lub miejscu to mo\u017cemy zamiast zaimk\u00f3w wzgl\u0119dnych u\u017cy\u0107 s\u0142\u00f3wek pytaj\u0105cych (przys\u0142\u00f3wk\u00f3w) when, why oraz where. Pami\u0119tajmy jednak, \u017ce ich u\u017cycie nie sprawi, \u017ce zdanie stanie si\u0119 pytaniem. Czasami where, when oraz why u\u017cyte w zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych nazywane s\u0105 relative adverbs<\/i>.<\/p>\n

I live in Boston where<\/span> I was born.<\/strong><\/div>\n
I live in Boston in which<\/span> I was born.<\/strong><\/div>\n

\u017byj\u0119 w Bostonie w kt\u00f3rym si\u0119 urodzi\u0142em\/am.<\/p>\n

W zdaniach z when mo\u017cemy pomin\u0105\u0107 when.<\/p>\n

2015 was a year when<\/span> I graduated.<\/strong><\/div>\n
2015 was a year that<\/span> I graduated.<\/strong><\/div>\n
2015 was a year I graduated.<\/strong><\/div>\n

2015 to by\u0142 rok w kt\u00f3rym sko\u0144czy\u0142em\/am szko\u0142\u0119.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"relative<\/p>\n

Redukcja zda\u0144 wzgl\u0119dnych<\/h2>\n

1. Mo\u017cemy pomin\u0105\u0107 zaimek wzgl\u0119dny w zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych okre\u015blaj\u0105cych, gdy jest on dope\u0142nieniem.<\/p>\n

The girl that<\/span> you like wants to talk to you.<\/strong><\/div>\n

The girl you like wants to talk to you.<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Mo\u017cemy u\u017cy\u0107 imies\u0142owu (participle) aby zlikwidowa\u0107 zaimek wzgl\u0119dny.<\/p>\n

Present Participle<\/a> (czasownik-ing)<\/u><\/p>\n

We saw a sign which<\/span> says \u201cWelcome\u201d.<\/strong><\/div>\n

We saw a sign saying<\/span> \u201cWelcome\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Past Participle<\/a> (III forma czasownika)<\/u><\/p>\n

The dress which<\/span> was made from leather was hung to dry.<\/strong><\/div>\n

The dress made<\/span> from leather was hung to dry.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Perfect Participle (having + III forma czasownika)<\/u><\/p>\n

Alice, who<\/span> has lived in Boston for 2 years, has moved to New York.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Alice, having lived<\/span> in Boston for 2 years, has moved to New York.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Perfect Passive Participle (having been + III forma czasownika)<\/u><\/p>\n

Adam, who<\/span> had been made a manager, threw a celebration party.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Adam, having been made<\/span> a manager, threw a celebration party.<\/strong><\/p>\n

3. Kiedy czasownik to be<\/i> jest u\u017cyty po zaimku wzgl\u0119dnym, mo\u017cemy pomin\u0105\u0107 to be<\/i> i zaimek.<\/p>\n

The bike which<\/span> is<\/span> parked in front of a shop is gold.<\/strong><\/div>\n

The bike parked in front of a shop is gold.<\/strong><\/p>\n

4. Mo\u017cemy zamieni\u0107 have (w znaczeniu posiadania) i zaimek wzgl\u0119dny na with<\/b> w zdaniu twierdz\u0105cym, a without<\/b> w przeczeniu.<\/p>\n

Girls who<\/span> have long hair are pretty.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Girls with<\/span> long hair are pretty.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The girls who<\/span> don\u2019t have earrings are boring.<\/strong><\/div>\n

The girls without<\/span> earrings are boring.<\/strong><\/p>\n

5. Mo\u017cemy u\u017cy\u0107 \u201cto\u201d zamiast zaimka wzgl\u0119dnego w zdaniach z wyra\u017ceniem the only, the first (second, etc.), the last, next<\/i> oraz w zdaniach z przymiotnikiem w stopniu najwy\u017cszym (superlative)<\/b><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Adam is the only guy who<\/span> listens to me.<\/strong><\/div>\n

Adam is the only guy to<\/span> listen to me.<\/strong><\/p>\n

This bag is the most expensive bag which<\/span> has silver studs.<\/strong><\/div>\n

This bag is the most expensive bag to<\/span> have silver studs.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
Pami\u0119taj!<\/h5>\n

Po \u201cto\u201d zawsze u\u017cywamy bezokolicznika (infinitive)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"zdania<\/p>\n

Zgodno\u015b\u0107 podmiotu z orzeczeniem w zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych<\/h2>\n

Zaimki wzgl\u0119dne mog\u0105 odnosi\u0107 si\u0119 zar\u00f3wno do rzeczownik\u00f3w w liczbie pojedynczej, jak i mnogiej. Wa\u017cne jest, aby zwraca\u0107 uwag\u0119 na to w jakiej liczbie jest podmiot zdania i dostosowa\u0107 orzeczenie do tego rzeczownika.<\/p>\n

People<\/u> who have<\/u> a dog are happy.<\/strong><\/div>\n
Ludzie, kt\u00f3rzy maj\u0105 psa s\u0105 szcz\u0119\u015bliwi.<\/div>\n

Podmiotem zdania jest \u201cpeople\u201d, kt\u00f3ry jest w liczbie mnogiej, a wi\u0119c orzeczenie r\u00f3wnie\u017c powinno by\u0107 w liczbie mnogiej. U\u017cyjemy czasownika \u201cto have\u201d w trzeciej osobie liczby mnogiej \u201chave\u201d.<\/p>\n

A person<\/u> who has<\/u> a dog is happy.<\/strong><\/div>\n
Cz\u0142owiek, kt\u00f3ry ma psa jest szcz\u0119\u015bliwy.<\/div>\n

Podmiot zdania to \u201ca person\u201d, czyli rzeczownik w liczbie pojedynczej, a wi\u0119c orzeczenie r\u00f3wnie\u017c powinno by\u0107 w liczbie pojedynczej, dlatego u\u017cyjemy czasownika \u201cto have\u201d w trzeciej osobie liczby pojedynczej czyli \u201chas\u201d.<\/p>\n

\n

Zdania wzgl\u0119dne dla zaawansowanych<\/h2>\n

Whose jest zaimkiem dzier\u017cawczym odpowiadaj\u0105cym who oraz which. Whose mo\u017cna u\u017cywa\u0107 zar\u00f3wno w odniesieniu do zwierz\u0105t oraz ludzi, jak i rzeczy nieo\u017cywionych. Jest to forma u\u017cywana od oko\u0142o 14 wieku, jednak cz\u0119sto jest uznawana za nieprawid\u0142ow\u0105 przez niekt\u00f3rych wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych u\u017cytkownik\u00f3w j\u0119zyka angielskiego. Ich argumentem jest to, \u017ce w whose jest zawarte who, a wi\u0119c whose powinno by\u0107 u\u017cywane tylko z osobami lub zwierz\u0119tami – istotami o\u017cywionymi, tak jak who. Aby unikn\u0105\u0107 problem\u00f3w zwi\u0105zanych z u\u017cyciem whose z rzeczami nieo\u017cywionymi czasami warto po prostu przeredagowa\u0107 takie zdanie.<\/p>\n

The pencil whose<\/span> eraser is black is mine.<\/strong><\/div>\n
The pencil with<\/u> black eraser is mine.<\/strong><\/div>\n
The pencil which eraser is black is mine.<\/div>\n
The pensil which’s eraser is black in mine.<\/div>\n

(nie ma takiej formy jak which’s chocia\u017c pasowa\u0142by tu dope\u0142niacz sakso\u0144ski)<\/p>\n

\n

Non-defining vs defining relative clause<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE<\/th>\n<\/th>\nNON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\n

+ podaje informacje potrzebne do zidentyfikowania opisywanego rzeczownika<\/b><\/p>\n

The cake which I baked was eaten.<\/u>
\n(informacja pozwala okre\u015bli\u0107 o kt\u00f3rym cie\u015bcie mowa)<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

+ podaje dodatkowe informacje na temat opisywanego rzeczownika<\/b><\/p>\n

The cake I baked, which tastes great, was eaten.<\/u>
\n(ta informacja nie pomaga okre\u015bli\u0107 o kt\u00f3rym cie\u015bcie mowa)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

+ zdanie pozbawione tych informacji nie okre\u015bla o czym m\u00f3wi<\/b><\/p>\n

X The cake was eaten.<\/u>
\n(bez tej informacji nie wiadomo o kt\u00f3rym cie\u015bcie mowa)<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

+ zdanie ma sens nawet bez tych dodatkowych informacji<\/b><\/p>\n

The cake I baked was eaten.<\/u>
\n(nawet bez tej informacji zdania zachowuje sw\u00f3j sens)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

+ zdanie nie jest oddzielone przecinkami<\/b><\/p>\n

The cake which I baked was eaten.<\/u><\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

+ zdanie jest oddzielone przecinkami<\/b><\/p>\n

The cake I baked, which tastes great, was eaten.<\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

+ mo\u017cna u\u017cywa\u0107 that<\/b><\/p>\n

The cake that I baked was eaten.<\/u><\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

+ nie mo\u017cna u\u017cywa\u0107 that<\/b><\/p>\n

X The cake I baked, that tastes great, was eaten.<\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

+ mo\u017cna pomin\u0105\u0107 zaimek wzgl\u0119dny, gdy jest on dope\u0142nieniem czasownika<\/b><\/p>\n

The cake I baked was eaten.<\/u><\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

+ nie mo\u017cna pomija\u0107 zaimka wzgl\u0119dnego<\/b><\/p>\n

X The cake I baked, tastes great, was eaten.<\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n
Cleft sentences<\/h5>\n

Zdania rozszczepione (cleft sentences)<\/b> to rodzaj zda\u0144, kt\u00f3re tworzymy aby wyeksponowa\u0107 wybrane informacje. Dowiedz si\u0119 o nich wi\u0119cej z artyku\u0142u cleft sentences<\/a>.<\/div>\n

\"Rozpocznij<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Relative clauses czyli zdania wzgl\u0119dne: wst\u0119p Who, which, that, whom, whose to zaimki wzgl\u0119dne u\u017cywane w zdaniach wzgl\u0119dnych (relative clauses), zwanych r\u00f3wnie\u017c zdaniami przydawkowymi. Pozwalaj\u0105 nam one zawrze\u0107 informacje o osobach lub rzeczach o kt\u00f3rych m\u00f3wimy. U\u017cywamy who, which, that, whom lub whose w zale\u017cno\u015bci od tego czy m\u00f3wimy o osobach czy o rzeczach. Najcz\u0119\u015bciej […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":15851,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15803","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gramatyka"],"yoast_head":"\nRelative clauses czyli zdania wzgl\u0119dne | who, which, that, whom | ELLA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Zdania wzgl\u0119dne czyli relative clauses tworzymy dzi\u0119ki zaimkom which, who, that, whom. 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